PhotoStory

The students received a project assignment for The Canterbury Tales. This group assignment will be worked on further after we return from break.

The Canterbury TalesPhoto Story Project
30pts

Using Photo Story 3 you are to create a narrated slideshow of the tale your group is assigned. You must use images that relate to your story.

Requirements:
• Rewrite an abbreviated version of the story and read it.
• Provide background music/sounds that add to the atmosphere of the story
• Provide appropriate images to help tell the story
• Provide text over several slides. Must use specific lines from the story.
• You must present your final product.
1. Presentation must include:
• Explanation of themes and symbols
• Explanation of what the story says about medieval life
• Explanation of morals or lessons from the story

You may do a Google image search for good pictures. You may bring in music or sounds from home. You can also download sound effects to use.

I will provide microphones for narration.

You will have 3 full periods to complete this assignment.

Steps:
1. Read the prologue to the story and the story itself.
2. Write the story. I will collect the final copy of it. Include dialogue when necessary.
3. Decide on appropriate pictures. Search for them and save them.
4. Import them and put them in the right order.
5. Narrate the story to the slides.
6. Add sounds/music
7. Save to the computer.

The Canterbury Tales

Open notebook quiz on Monday.

General Prologue

Today the students completed their projects. They will take notes and be quizzed on them tomorrow.

The Canterbury Tales

Today we began reading about the characters presented in the general prologue.

The students are working in groups on the following assignment:

As you read through the general prologue keep track of the following characteristics of each of the travelers:
• physical description (looks/dress)
• job description
• personality traits.
• Provide one line supporting their personality trait.
Create a poster incorporating all of your findings. You will be quizzed on all of the pilgrims, so make your poster as informative as possible.

1 Knight
Squire
Yeoman
Nun (Prioress)
Monk


2 Friar
Merchant
Clerk
Lawyer
Franklin


3 Haberdasher
Carpenter
Weaver
Dyer
Tapestry Maker (arras-maker)
Cook


4 Sailor
Physician
Wife of Bath
Priest (Parson)
Plowman


5 Miller
Manciple
Reeve
Summoner
Pardoner

The Canterbury Tales

Today the students took some background notes on The Canterbury Tales which we will begin reading tomorrow.

Monty Python and the Holy Grail : 3 Questions

Today we finished the film.

Monty Python and the Holy Grail

Today we began viewing the film and analyzing how specific aspects of the chivalric code are being satirized.

-Live for freedom, justice and all that is good.
-Never attack an unarmed foe
-Show respect to authority
-Defend the weak and innocent
-Crush the monsters that steal our land and rob our people.
-Exhibit Courage in word and deed.

Study Island

Students continued working on Study Island. We will be back in the classroom tomorrow.

Study Island

Students were given their first StudyIsland assignment today. It is worth 30pts and will be based on their percentage scores. It is due Friday.

SGGK essay

Final drafts were due today. Any student that was absent at any point during the week has until Monday to hand in the essay.

SGGK essay

The final draft of the essay is due at the end of the period tomorrow. Any students who did not finish the rough draft should finish it for HW this evening so it can be edited tomorrow.

SGGK Essay

Today we began working on the following assignment, which will take all week:

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Essay

Each part of the writing process will be worth points. Each part of the writing process must be completed before you can begin the next step. The final draft of the essay must be completed by Friday 12/4.



• Outline-(must include thesis statement and supporting quotes)-10pts

• Rough Draft-10pts

• Edited Draft-(must be color coded)-10pts

• Final Draft-(Due 12/4)-50pts


Topics
1. Analyze the role of the Pentangle in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Explain how each point relates to Gawain’s quest and the chivalric code.

2. Analyze the parallels between the hunt outside the castle and the hunt within Gawain’s bedchamber. Be sure to explain how this ties to the chivalric code and/or the test Gawain is facing.

3. Examine the ideal of knighthood as presented in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In what ways is Gawain an ideal knight, and in what ways does he fail to live up to the ideal? In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, does the poet endorse the chivalric ideal or condemn it?

Happy Thanksgiving

We will begin an essay on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight on Monday. It will focus on the portrayal of the chivalric code in the work.

SGGK

Today we finished reading Sir Gawain and Green Knight and began watching an animated version of the story.

SGGK

Today we read part 4 of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. We will finish our discussion tomorrow along with the following worksheet:

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight-part 4
1. Why is it said that Gawain decides to keep the girdle the lady had given him? Is such a reason truly chivalric?
2. What is Gawain’s final answer to his generous host?
3. Describe the Green Chapel, in your own words.
4. How does Gawain react to the axe’s blow?
5. What is the Green Knight’s response? Is it reasonable?
6. How does Gawain qualify his request to the Knight for a second chance? Who seems more reasonable, then?
7. What is the significance of the words Gawain uses to provoke the Knight to use his axe as promised? Do they have any relationship to the outcome?
8. Why does the Knight excuse Gawain’s enjoyment of the Knight’s wife?
9. What is Gawain’s angry response to the Knight’s story? Do you think it is warranted?
10. We learn that the Green Knight is really Bercilak de Hautdesert, who owes his power to sinister Morgan le Faye, Gawain’s aunt! The Knight tells Gawain he has “tested” him because his aunt wanted to reveal the “surfeit of pride” in Arthur’s Court as well as to scare Arthur’s wife, Guenevere, with the mock beheading. What is Gawain’s reaction to these revelations?

SGGK part 3

Today we finished part 3 and the following assignment in class (PD 1 has to finish it for HW):

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

1. What is the first animal that the host hunts?

2. What does the lady want to do with Gawain while her husband is out hunting?

3. What do the men exchange when the host returns? Who wins?

4. What is the second animal?

5. What does the lady ask Gawain during her second visit?

6. What do the men exchange? Who wins?

7. What is the third animal?

8. What is the lady’s purpose during her third visit?

9. What gift does she give Gawain? What is the condition?

SGGK part 3

today we began reading part 3 of SGGK. We have covered the first 3 questions of the following assignment, which we will continue working on tomorrow:

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

1. What is the first animal that the host hunts?

2. What does the lady want to do with Gawain while her husband is out hunting?

3. What do the men exchange when the host returns? Who wins?

4. What is the second animal?

5. What does the lady ask Gawain during her second visit?

6. What do the men exchange? Who wins?

7. What is the third animal?

8. What is the lady’s purpose during her third visit?

9. What gift does she give Gawain? What is the condition?

SGGK HW

Students are to finish reading part II of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and complete the following assignment for HW:
(pd 1-only 1-3)


Sir Gawain and the Green Knight-Part II

1. When does Gawain leave Arthur's court?

2. What color is Gawain's armor?

3. What appears on the outside of his shield? What appears on the inside? What does the pentangle stand for? What, especially, do the fifth five mean? (In the original, the five are fraunchyse, felawschyp, clannes, cortaysye, and pité.) The author stresses that all of the fives are linked. What happens in such a structure if any one of the elements gives way?

4. What route does Gawain follow? What sorts of adventures does he encounter?

5. The "Christmas Eve" of line 734 is actually the evening of December 23. What does Gawain fear he will miss on December 24? What happens after Gawain's prayer?

6. How is Gawain received in the castle? How does the lord of the castle respond? How would you describe the lord of the castle?

7. How well does Gawain maintain his Christmas Eve fast?

8. What do the castle residents expect once they know it is Gawain? In other words, what is Gawain well-known for?

9. What two women does Gawain meet after evensong? How are they described? How does Gawain behave with the women?

10. Why does Gawain tell the lord he has to leave? What surprising news does the lord have for him? What does Gawain then decide to do?

11. What arrangements does the lord propose for Gawain and himself for the next day? How does Gawain respond?

SGGK

Today we discussed the open-ended responses to SGGK part I. We then began part 2 in class. We will continue with this on Monday.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Students are to complete the following assignment for HW:

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight-part 1

Open-ended question

Sir Gawain takes the Green Knight’s challenge.

• What are Gawain’s reasons for doing this?
• Will he live up to this challenge?
Use information from the story to support your response.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight-HW

Students are to finish reading part 1 of SGGK and complete the following assignment for HW:

PART 1
1. Why does the poem begin with the Trojan War, not with King Arthur or Sir Gawain?
2. What season of the year is it as the actual story begins? Why is that significant? What night is it when the main events of Part 1 take place?
3. How old (more or less) are Arthur and his knights when the story takes place? How do you know?
4. Why won't Arthur eat his dinner yet?
5. What is the most unusual thing about the man who rides into the hall? In what interesting way does the author bring us that information? What is the man carrying in his hands? How does the man behave when he enters? Whom does he ask for? What initial response does he get?
6. What does the Green Knight propose?
7. How many knights initially offer to undertake the Green Knight's challenge? What arguments does Gawain finally use in asking to be given the challenge?
8. What happens when Gawain cuts off the Green Knight's head?
9. What is Arthur's response once the Green Knight has left?

Background Research

Students have been working on the following assignment in class:

Using the sites provided you must find the following information:

• Meaning and purpose of the round table
• Story and significance of Excalibur
• Defining characteristics (including what they are known for and how they die) of the following knights:
1. Arthur
2. Gawain
3. Lancelot
4. Percival
5. Galahad
6. Bors
7. Bedivere

• Significance of Merlin
• Significance of Guinevere
• Significance of Mordred


All responses must be written in complete sentences.

Enjoy the long weekend. We will begin with Sir Gawain and The Green Knight on Monday.

Honor

Students will be presenting their honor codes tomorrow in class.

Project

Students who did not finish the final are to turn it in first thing tomorrow.

Students began the following assignment today:

Code of Honor

You have been given the task of designing a code of honor and morals for High Point. Your job is to come up with at least 5 rules to live by that represent what you consider to be honorable behavior. You must also consider the proper course of action if someone challenges your honor.

Also, decide how you retain your honor under the following circumstances:

• A teacher confronts you about cheating (of course you are innocent), yells at you, and kicks you out of class.

• Someone makes advances on your significant other during lunch.

• A classmate spreads an embarrassing and untruthful rumor about you.

• A classmate mocks your idea of honor.

Write up a brief response to each of these scenarios which will be presented with your code.

Place your rules on a poster with the following:

• Slogan reflecting your beliefs
• Image representing your code

Macbeth Essays

Pd 1-Final drafts will be completed in class on Monday

Pd 4 & 7-Final drafts are due at the beginning of class on Monday

Essay

We finished the rough drafts and began a peer editing activity.
We will finish peer editing and begin the final draft tomorrow.

Essay

We will be working on essays for most of this week. Here are the topics:

Essay-50pts Choose ONE of the following:
1. The three witches told Macbeth his fate. Did the events in Macbeth’s life occur because of the witches’ prophecy or because of the choices he made? Is it a bit of both? What caused Macbeth to fall: Fate or Free Will?

2. How does Macbeth apply to us today? Well, first of all, the play is a good story. It talks about ambition, murders, spirits, witches, and other entertaining subjects. But the reason Macbeth is still loved today is that its themes are still applicable to us. Many people can identify with Macbeth. Analyze the play’s relevance to us using a modern story, movie, or a historic figure as a comparison. You must fully explore how the themes/characters apply.

3. Evaluate Macbeth: was he a good or bad person? Support your answer. This is an in-depth analysis of one of the most complex characters ever written.

4. Evaluate Lady Macbeth: was she completely evil? Support your answer. This is an in-depth analysis of one of the most complex characters ever written.


5. Describe and evaluate the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Use specific examples. How does their relationship impact the story?

6. Blood plays a role in the play. Find three examples where blood is mentioned and analyze them. Why is blood such and important motif?

7. Explain the line "Fair is foul, and foul is fair" that the witches chant. What role does paradox play in Macbeth?

Macbeth-Final essay

Today we covered how to write an effective intro and outline
We will begin outlining in class on Monday.

Projects

Audacity projects were finished today. We will listen to them tomorrow and begin outlining our next essay.

Projects

Students are to complete their Audacity projects by the end of the period tomorrow.

Macbeth
Audacity Project
30pts

Using Audacity, you and your group must complete a dramatic reading of one of the speeches/scenes from Macbeth. Your grade will be based on how well your reading conveys the tone of the scene. This includes tone of voice and background effects. Each member of the group must speak. You have total creative control.


Students are to choose ONE of the following to have completed by Monday:

Macbeth projects-20pts


Poster-Make a movie poster for Macbeth. It must include images depicting character(s)/theme(s).

Collage-Create a collage of images related to Macbeth and the themes of the play. There must be a mixture of modern and historical images.

Soundtrack-Create a soundtrack for Macbeth. Use the music of today to tell the story. You must find at least 10 songs for the CD. Each song requires an explanation as to how it relates to the story and/or themes. You must also design the CD case.

Acting-Choose a scene to recreate from the play. You are to rewrite it to fit any style you like. It must depict the characters and themes accurately. It can be filmed ahead of time. I will collect the script.

Soliloquy-You are to choose a soliloquy to present. You must accurately portray the emotions of the character. You must also rewrite it in your own words and present it a second time.

Projects

Students were given several options for an at home project due Monday. It is worth 20pts.

In class, students are working on a group project using Audacity. It requires them to create a dramatic reading of one of the scenes from Macbeth. It is worth 30pts.

Macbeth

Today we finished the film.
The essay topics students need to be prepared for are:
-fate
-modern relevance
-character analysis
1. Macbeth
2. Lady Macbeth
-the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth
-motif of blood
-use of paradox

We will be working on group projects for most of this week.

Macbeth

today we watched the film. We will finish it on Monday. Students will be given a new essay topic on Friday of next week.

Macbeth

Today we finished reading Macbeth. We will view the remainder of the film tomorrow.

Macbeth Act V

Today we read scenes 1-4 of Act V. The students worked on the following assignment in class:

Macbeth
Act V
Scenes 1-4

After viewing the film, use the book and respond to each of the following in complete sentences.


Scene 1
Pg 163
Explain lines 44-47, and 53-55.

Pg 165
Provide a line that shows the doctor believing he cannot help Lady Macbeth.

Scene 3
Pg 173
Provide a line that shows why Macbeth feels he has nothing to fear.

Scene 4
Pg 175
Explain the line “Thereby shall we shadow the numbers of our host and make discovery err in report of us.” Explain why this scene is included in the play.

Macbeth

Today we read through Act IV scene 3. We will finish it tomorrow.

Students also filled out progress reports for me.

Essay revisions

Today students finished working on their essay rewrites.

Essay revisions

Today the students received their essays on Lady Macbeth. We spent the period today and will spend the period tomorrow rewriting these essays based on comments and recommendations I have made. I will provide individual instruction during this time.

Macbeth

Today we read Act IV scene 2 and viewed scenes 1-2 of the film. The students completed the assignment we began yesterday.

Macbeth

Students read Act IV scene 1 in class and completed the following assignment:Macbeth
Act IV
Scenes 1-2

After viewing the film, use the book and respond to each of the following in complete sentences.



Pgs 125-127
Provide a line for each of the 3 prophecies. Macbeth doesn’t appear too worried after he hears the prophecies. Provide a line that shows this.

Pg 131
Provide a line that explains what Macbeth wants done to Macduff and his family. Why does he want this done?

Why is scene 2 included in the play?

Yesterday students completed the following assignment after reading and viewing the film:

Macbeth
Act III
Scene 4

After viewing the film use the book and respond to each of the following in complete sentences.



Pgs 103
Examine Macbeth’ and Lady Macbeth’s behavior in this scene. How is Macbeth reacting? Provide a line for support. How is Lady Macbeth reacting? Provide a line for support.

Explain the symbolism of Banquo’s ghost. Why does this scene exist?

How do Macbeth’s facial expressions reveal his emotions in the film?

Macbeth Act III, scene 4

Today we finished viewing scenes 1-3 of the film and began reading scene 4 in class.

Macbeth Essay

Students completed their essays in class today. They also had time to revise/edit.

Macbeth essay

Today the students began their essay in class. They will be given time to complete it tomorrow.

Macbeth
Essay-50pts
1. Some believe that Lady Macbeth acted as a man (according to what she thought a man was). Support or refute this statement with examples.

Macbeth Act III, scenes 1-3

Today we read through Act 3 scene 3 of Macbeth. We began watching these scenes in the film.



Tomorrow students need to be prepared to write an essay dealing with Lady Macbeth. It will take the entire period.

Macbeth-Essay

Students will be given an essay topic dealing with Lady Macbeth on Wednesday of this week. Today I covered the structure of the essay and how to incorporate textual support.

We then began reading Act III of Macbeth and working on the following assignment:

Macbeth
Act III
Scenes 1-3

Use the book and respond to each of the following in complete sentences.

Scene 1
Pg 81
Provide a line that shows Banquo’s suspicion of Macbeth.

Pg 91
Provide a line that explains that Macbeth wants Fleance dead.

Scene 2
Pg 95
Explain the line “Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck, till thou applauded the deed”

Scene 3
Pg 97
Explain the line “we have lost best half of our affair

Macbeth

Today we finished reading and completed the worksheet for Act II scenes 3 & 4. We then watched the film.

Scenes 3 & 4

Use the book to answer the following questions:

Pg 65
Lines 61-69
Explain what Lennox is telling Macbeth. What is the significance?

pg 67
Provide an example of irony.

Pgs 69-71
Lines 127-137
What is Macbeth’s excuse for killing the servants? What is his real reason?

Pg 75
Provide a line explaining why Malcolm and Donalbain are suspects in their father’s murder.

Macbeth Act II, scenes 1-2

We finished reading scene 2 today and then watched the film. The students completed and turned in the following assignment:

Macbeth
Act II
scenes 1-2
20pts

Use the book to answer the following questions in complete sentences.

Pgs 51-53
Why does Macbeth have the vision of the dagger? What does it represent? Provide a line supporting your response.



Pg 59
Compare Macbeth’s response to the murder to Lady Macbeth’s. Do they react differently? Explain.

What does Macbeth mean when he says “Will all great Neptune’s oceans wash this blood clean from my hand…”?

What does Lady Macbeth mean when she says “a little water clears us of this deed”?

Macbeth Act II

Today we read Act II, scene 1 and almost finished scene 2. We also began a worksheet which we will complete in class tomorrow. I will post this tomorrow. We will also continue viewing the film tomorrow.

Macbeth

Today we finished the worksheet for scene 7 and watched up to this point in the film. I also read an article about Rod Blagojevich and his wife drawing comparisons to Macbeth. This truly is a story that continues to be told through the ages.

Macbeth Act I, scenes 6 & 7

Today we viewed scene 5 of the film and read scenes 6 & 7. We discussed just how determined Lady Macbeth is. The students began working on the following assignment:
Macbeth
Act I, scene 7


This is another scene featuring interaction between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. For each of the items below you must find a line that represents it.

Lines 1-28
Macbeth contemplates the reasons why it is a terrible thing to kill Duncan.


Lines 39-49
Lady Macbeth mocks Macbeth for being afraid and weak.


Lines 53-67
-Lady Macbeth mocks her husband again.
-She explains how determined she is. (what is her example?)

Lines 69-82
Lady Macbeth reassures him that everything will go smoothly as long as he is dedicated to it.


We will finish this assignment tomorrow in class.

Macbeth Act I, scene 5

Today we viewed 2 scenes from the film. Macbeth receives the title Thane of Cawdor and the execution of the traitor Cawdor. We then read scene 5 which is the first appearance of Lady Macbeth. We will view this scene tomorrow.

We completed the following assignment in class:

Macbeth
Act I, scene 5

This is the first scene in which Lady Macbeth appears. In your notes it says that she is overly ambitious. For each of the items below you must find a line that represents it.


Lines 15-31
Lady Macbeth is worried that Macbeth lacks the ruthlessness to kill Duncan.




Lines 45-54
Lady Macbeth talks herself into being as cold and cruel as possible.




Lines 70-82
Lady Macbeth convinces Macbeth to put on a friendly exterior concealing his evil intentions.

Macbeth Act I, scene 4

Today we read scene 4 in class and began watching the film. We will view scenes after reading several.

Macbeth

Today we read through Act I, scene 3. Congratulations to pd 7 on their victory.

Macbeth

Today we had an open-notebook quiz worth 10 points. We then began reading Macbeth. We completed scene 2 and will begin on Monday with scene 3.

Macbeth notes

We are currently taking notes on some important introductory information concerning Macbeth. There is an open-notebook quiz scheduled for Friday.

Also, don't forget to vote.

Macbeth-Audacity

Today the students worked as a class creating a dramatic reading of Act 1, scene 1 of Macbeth using the audio mixing software Audacity. This project will be completed on Tuesday.

Welcome

Welcome to 11th grade British Lit. Feel free to look through past posts if you would like to know what to expect.

Bubble Party

Good luck on exams

The Iliad-book 24

The students are to complete the following assignment for HW:

The Iliad-book 24 “Achilles and Priam”-20pts
Explain Achilles’ daily routine. Why is he doing this?
What is happening to Hector’s corpse?

Once the funeral gathering broke up, the men dispersed,each one going to his own ship, concerned to eatand then enjoy sweet sleep. But Achilles kept on weeping,remembering his dear companion. All-conquering Sleepcould not overcome him, as he tossed and turned,longing for manly, courageous, strong Patroclus,thinking of all he'd done with him, all the painthey'd suffered, as they'd gone through wars with other menand with the perilous sea. As he kept remembering,he cried heavy tears, sometimes lying on his side, 10sometimes on his back or on his face. Then he'd get up, [10]to wander in distress, back and forth along the shore.He'd see Dawn's approach across the sea and beaches,then he'd harness his fast horses to their chariot,tie on Hector and drag him behind, drivingthree times around the tomb of Menoetius' dead son.Then in his hut he'd rest again, leaving Hectorstretched out, face down in the dust. But Apollo,feeling pity for Hector, though he was dead,guarded his skin from any lacerations, 20 covering his whole body with the golden aegis, [20]so as Achilles dragged him, he did not tear his skin.

How does Achilles show growth in this scene? What does he display in this scene that he has not displayed throughout the entire story? Has he changed completely? Explain. What agreement is reached?
He came up to Achilles, then with his fingersclasped his knees and kissed his hands, those dreadful hands,man-killers, which had slain so many of his sons.Just as sheer folly grips a man who in his own land 590 [480]kills someone, then runs off to a land of strangers,to the home of some rich man, so those who see himare seized with wonder—that's how Achilles thenlooked on godlike Priam in astonishment.The others were amazed. They gazed at one another.Then Priam made his plea, entreating:
"Godlike Achilles,remember your own father, who's as old as me,on the painful threshold of old age.It may well be that those who live around himare harassing him, and no one's there 600to save him from ruin and destruction.But when he hears you're still alive, [490]his heart feels joy, for every day he hopeshe'll see his dear son come back home from Troy.But I'm completely doomed to misery—I fathered the best sons in spacious Troy,yet I say now not one of them remains.I had fifty when Achaea's sons arrived—nineteen born from the same mother's womb,others the women of the palace bore me. 610Angry Ares drained the life of most of them.But I had one left, guardian of our city,protector of its people. You've just killed him,as he was fighting for his native country. [500]I mean Hector. For his sake I've come here,to Achaea's ships, to win him back from you.And I've brought a ransom beyond counting.So Achilles, show deference to the godsand pity for myself, rememberingyour own father. Of the two old men, 620I'm more pitiful, because I have enduredwhat no living mortal on this earth has borne—I've lifted up to my own lips and kissed the hands of the man who killed my son."
Priam finished. His words roused in Achillesa desire to weep for his own father. Taking Priam's hand,he gently moved him back. So the two men thereboth remembered warriors who'd been slaughtered.Priam, lying at Achilles' feet, wept aloud [510]for man-killing Hector, and Achilles also wept 630for his own father and once more for Patroclus.The sound of their lamenting filled the house.
When godlike Achilles had had enough of weeping,when the need to mourn had left his heart and limbs,he stood up quickly from his seat, then with his handhelped the old man to his feet, feeling pityfor that gray head and beard. Then Achilles spoke—his words had wings:
"You unhappy man,your heart's had to endure so many evils.How could you dare come to Achaea's ships, 640and come alone, to rest your eyes on me, [520]when I've killed so many noble sons of yours?You must have a heart of iron. But come now,sit on this chair. Though we're both feeling pain,we'll let our grief lie quiet on our hearts.For there's no benefit in frigid tears.That's the way the gods have spun the threadsfor wretched mortal men, so they live in pain,though gods themselves live on without a care.
Old godlike Priam then answered Achilles:
"Don't make me sit down on a chair, my lord,while Hector lies uncared for in your huts.But quickly give him back, so my own eyescan see him. And take the enormous ransomwe've brought here for you. May it give you joy. 690 And may you get back to your native land,since you've now let me live to see the sunlight."
With an angry look, swift-footed Achilles snapped at Priam:
"Old man, don't provoke me. I myself intend [560]to give you Hector. Zeus sent me herea messenger, the mother who bore me,daughter of the Old Man of the Sea.And in my heart, Priam, I recognize—it's no secret to me—that some godled you here to the swift Achaean ships. 700No matter how young and strong, no living manwould dare to make the trip to our encampment.He could not evade the sentries or push backour door bolts—that would not be easy.So don't agitate my grieving heart still more,or I might not spare even you, old man,though you're a suppliant here in my hut. [570]I could transgress what Zeus has ordered."
Achilles spoke. The old man, afraid, obeyed him.Then Peleus' son sprang to the door, like a lion. 710Not alone—his two attendants went out with him,warrior Automedon and Alcimus, whom he honouredthe most of his companions after dead Patroclus.They freed the mules and horses from their harnesses,led in the herald, the old man's crier, sat him on a stool.Then from the polished wagon they brought inthat priceless ransom for Hector's head, leaving theretwo cloaks and a thickly woven tunic, so Achilles [580]could wrap up the corpse before he gave it backfor Priam to take home. Achilles then called out, 720ordering his servant women to wash the body,and then anoint it, after moving it away,so Priam wouldn't see his son, then, heart-stricken, be unable to contain his anger at the sight.Achilles' own spirit might then get so arousedhe could kill Priam, disobeying Zeus' orders.Servants washed the corpse, anointed it with oil,and put a lovely cloak and tunic round it.Achilles himself lifted it and placed it on a bier.Then together he and his companions set it 730 [590]on the polished wagon. Achilles, with a groan,called to his dear companion:
"O Patroclus,don't be angry with me, if you learn,even in Hades' house, that I gave backgodlike Hector to his dear father.He's brought to me a fitting ransom.I'll be giving you your full share of it,as is appropriate."
Godlike Achilles spoke,then went back once more into the hut and saton the richly decorated chair he'd left 740by the opposite wall. Then he spoke to Priam:
"Old man, your son has been given back,as you requested. He's lying on a bier. [600]You'll see him for yourself at day break,when you take him. We should think of eating.But come, royal old man, let's think of food.Later you can lament for your dear son,when you have taken him to Ilion, [620]where you'll shed many tears for him." 770
Old godlike Priamthen said in answer to Achilles:
"If you're willing [660]for me to give lord Hector a full burial, then, Achilles, as a personal favour,there is something you could do for me.You know how we're restricted to our city.It's a long way to the mountains to get wood.Besides, the Trojans are especially fearful.We'll mourn Hector for nine days in our home. 820On the tenth day we'll have his funeral.Then there'll be a banquet for the people.On the eleventh, we'll make his burial mound.The twelfth day, if we must, we'll go to war."
Swift-footed Achilles then said to Priam:
"All right, old Priam, things will be arrangedas you request. I'll suspend the fighting [670]for the length of time you've asked for."
Why does the story end with this scene? Is this appropriate? Explain. Who is the hero of the story?
Andromache said this in tears. The women all wailed with her. 920Then Hecuba took her turn in leading their laments:
"Hector, dearest by far of all my children,loved by the gods, as well, when you were living.Now, at your death, they still take care of you. [750]When swift Achilles took my other sons,he'd ship them off across the boundless seas,to Samos, Imbros, or foggy Lemnos.When his long-edged bronze took away your life,he dragged you many times around the moundfor his comrade Patroclus, whom you killed. 930Yet even so, he could not revive him.Now you lie here in our house, fresh as dew,like someone whom Apollo of the silver bowhas just come to and killed with gentle arrows."
As she spoke, Hecuba wept. She stirred them on [760]to endless lamentation. Helen was the thirdto lead those women in their wailing:
"Hector—of all my husband's brothers,you're by far the dearest to my heart.My husband's godlike Alexander, 940who brought me here to Troy. I wish I'd diedbefore that happened! This is the twentieth yearsince I went away and left my native land,but I've never heard a nasty word from youor an abusive speech. In fact, if anyoneever spoke rudely to me in the house—one of your brothers or sisters, some brother's well-dressed wife, or your mother—for your father [770]always was so kind, as if he were my own—you'd speak out, persuading them to stop, 950using your gentleness, your soothing words.Now I weep for you and for my wretched self,so sick at heart, for there's no one elsein spacious Troy who's kind to me and friendly.They all look at me and shudder with disgust."
Helen spoke in tears. The huge crowd joined in their lament.Then old Priam addressed his people:
"You Trojans,you must fetch some wood here to the city.Don't let your hearts fear any ambush,some crafty Achaean trick. For Achilles, 960when he sent me back from the hollow ships, [780]gave me his word they'd not harm usuntil the twelfth day dawns."
Priam finished.The people hitched up mules and oxen to their wagonsand then gathered before the city with all speed.For nine days they brought in wood, an immense amount.When the tenth dawn came, they brought brave Hector out,then, all in tears, laid his corpse on top the funeral pyre.They set it alight. When rose-fingered Dawn came up,they gathered around that pyre of glorious Hector. 970Once they'd all assembled there together, [790]first they doused the pyre with gleaming wine, every partthat fire's strength had touched. His brothers and comradescollected Hector's ash-white bones, as they mourned him—heavy tears running down their cheeks—and placed themin a golden urn, wrapped in soft purple cloth.They quickly set the urn down in a shallow grave,covered it with large stones set close together,then hurried to pile up the mound, posting sentrieson every side, in case well-armed Achaeans 980attacked too soon. Once they'd piled up the mound,they went back in, gathered together for a splendid feast,all in due order, in Priam's house, king raised by Zeus.And thus they buried Hector, tamer of horses.

The Iliad-book 22

The following is due for HW tomorrow:

The Iliad-Book 22 “The Death of Hector”-20pts
What do Priam and Hector’s mother want from him? Considering the expectations of a warrior, what does this say about Achilles?
Meanwhile, old Priamwas the first to catch sight of Achilles, as he dashedacross the plain, blazing like that star which comesat harvest time— its light shines out more brightlythan any of the countless lights in night's dark sky.
With a cry, old man Priamstruck his head with his hand, then, reaching up,with many groans, he called out, pleading with his son,who was still standing there before the gates,firmly resolved to fight Achilles. The old man,hands outstretched, appealed to Hector's sense of pity:
"Hector, my dear son, don't stand out there alone,facing that man with no one else to help you,or you will quickly meet your death, slaughteredby Peleus' son, who's much more powerful. 50 [40]Don't be obstinate. If only the godswould love Achilles just as much as I do,then dogs and vultures would soon gnaw at himas he lay there. And then my heart might shedits dreadful sorrow, for he's taken from memany valiant sons. Some he's butchered.Others he's sold in islands far away.Right now, I can't see two of my young sons,Polydorus and Lycaon, among thosewho've gathered with the Trojans in the city, 60both delivered to me from Laothoe,queen among women.
Come here, my child,inside the walls, so you can help to saveTrojan men and women. Don't give that man,that son of Peleus, great glory. He'll takeyour own dear life. Have pity on me, too.Though full of misery, I still can feel.Father Zeus will kill me with a cruel fate [60]on the threshold of old age, once I've seenso many dreadful things—my sons slaughtered,my daughters hauled away, their houses ransacked, 80their little children tossed down on the groundin this murderous war, my daughters-in-lawled off captive in hard Achaean hands.In the end, I'll be ripped by ravenous dogs,in front of my own doors when some man strikes mewith his sharp bronze or throws his spear in me,robbing my limbs of life—the same dogs I raised,at home beside my table to guard the doors.They'll drink my blood, then lie there at the gates, [70]their hearts gone mad. When a young man dies in war, 90 lying there murdered by sharp bronze, that's all right.Though dead, he shows us his nobility.But when the dogs disfigure shamefullyan old man, chewing his gray head, his beard, his sexual organs, that's the saddest thing we wretched mortals see."
As the old man spoke, his hands tugged his gray hair and pulled it from his head. But he could not sway Hector's heart. Beside Priam, Hector's mother wept. Then she undid her robe, and with her hands pushed out her breasts, shedding tears. 100 [80]She cried out, calling him—her words had wings::
"Hector, my child, respect and pity me.If I ever gave these breasts to soothe you,remember that, dear child. Protect yourselfagainst your enemy inside these walls.Don't stand out there to face him. Stubborn man,if he kills you, I'll never lay you outon your death bed or mourn for you, my child,my dearest offspring—nor will your fair wife.Far away from us, beside Achaean ships, 110their swift dogs will devour you."
Does Hector fail as a hero in this scene? How does he not live up to the heroic ideal?

Achilles was coming closer, like Enyalius,the warrior god of battle with the shining helmet.On his right shoulder he waved his dreadful spearmade of Pelian ash. The bronze around him glitteredlike a blazing fire or rising sun. At that moment, 170as he watched, Hector began to shake in fear. His courage gone, he could no longer stand there.Terrified, he started running, leaving the gate.Peleus' son went after him, sure of his speed on foot.
Hector ran 180under the walls of Troy, limbs working feverishly. They ran on past the lookout and the wind-swept fig tree,some distance from the wall, along the wagon track.Then they reached the two fair-flowing well springs,which feed swirling Scamander's stream.

They ran fast,for this was no contest over sacrificial beasts,the usual prizes for a race. They were competing [160]for horse-taming Hector's life.

that's how these two men raced,going three times round Priam's city on their sprinting feet.

Examine the dialogue between Hector and Achilles. Is Achilles being unreasonable? Explain. Is this a fair fight? Explain.
Athena left him. 280She came to Hector in the form of Deïphobus, with his tireless voice and shape. Standing beside him,she spoke—her words had wings:
"My brother,swift Achilles is really harassing you,with his fast running around Priam's city [230]in this pursuit. Come, we'll both stand here,stay put, and beat off his attack."
Then Hector of the shining helmet answered her:
"Deïphobus, in the past you've always beenthe brother I loved the most by far 290of children born to Hecuba and Priam. I think I now respect you even more,since you have dared to come outside the wall,to help me, when you saw me in distress,while others all remained inside."
With these words, Athena seduced him forward.When they'd approached each other, at close quarters,great Hector of the shining helmet spoke out first:
"I'll no longer try to run away from you, [250]son of Peleus, as I did before, going 310three times in flight around Priam's great city. I lacked the courage then to fight with you,as you attacked. But my heart prompts me nowto stand against you face to face once more,whether I kill you, or you kill me.So come here. Let's call on gods to witness,for they're the best ones to observe our pact,to supervise what we two agree on.If Zeus grants me the strength to take your life,I'll not abuse your corpse in any way. 320 I'll strip your celebrated armour off, Achilles, then give the body back againto the Achaeans. And you'll do the same."
Swift-footed Achilles, with a scowl, replied: [260]
"Hector, don't talk to me of our agreements.That's idiotic, like a faithful promisebetween men and lions. Wolves and lambsdon't share a common heart—they always sensea mutual hatred for each other.In just that way, it's not possible for us, 330for you and me, to be friends, or, indeed, for there to be sworn oaths between us,till one or other of us falls, glutting Ares,warrior with the bull's hide shield, on blood.You'd best remember all your fighting skills.Now you must declare yourself a spearman,a fearless warrior. You've got no escape. [270]Soon Pallas Athena will destroy youon my spear. Right now you'll pay me back,the full price of those sorrows I went through 340when you slaughtered my companions."
With these words, Hector balanced his long-shadowed spear,then threw it. It struck the shield of Peleus' son, [290]right in the centre. That spear didn't miss its mark.But it bounced some distance off the shield. Hector,angry that the spear had flown from his hand and missed,stood dismayed, for he had no substitute ash spear.So he shouted out, calling to Deïphobus,who carried a white shield, asking him with a yell 370 to pass him his long spear. But Deïphobuswas nowhere to be seen. Then Hector in his heartsaw everything so clearly—he said:
"This is it, then.The gods are summoning me to my death.I thought warrior Deïphobus was close by.But he's inside the walls, and Athenahas deceived me.
As Hector charged, noble Achilles struck him there, 410 driving the spear point through his tender neck.But the heavy bronze on that ash spear did not cuthis windpipe, so he could still address Achillesand reply to him. Hector fell down in the dust. [330]Lord Achilles then cried out in triumph:
"Hector,I suppose you thought you could safely stripPatroclus, without giving me a thought,since I was far away. That was foolish!By our hollow ships he'd left me behind,a much greater man, to take out my revenge. 420I've drained strength from your limbs—now dogs and birdswill tear you into miserable pieces, while Achaeans are burying Patroclus."
His strength fading, Hector of the shining helmetanswered Achilles:
"By your life, I beg you,by your knees, your parents—don't let dogs eat meby Achaean ships. No, you should accept [340]all the bronze and gold you want,gifts my father and lady mother give you,if you'll send my body home again, 430so Trojans and Trojans' wives can bury me,with all the necessary funeral rites."
Scowling at Hector, swift-footed Achilles then replied:
"Don't whine to me, you dog, about my kneesor parents. I wish I had the heart and strengthto carve you up and eat you raw myselffor what you've done to me. So there's no onewho'll keep the dogs from going at your head,not even if they bring here and weigh outa ransom ten or twenty times as much, 440with promises of more, or if Priam, [350]son of Dardanus, says he'll pay your weightin gold. Not even then will your motherset you on a funeral bed and there lamentthe son she bore. Instead, the dogs and birdswill eat you up completely."
Then, as he died,Hector of the shining helmet said to Achilles:
"I know you well. I recognize in youwhat I expected—you'd not be convinced.For your heart and mind are truly iron. 450 But think of this—I may bring down on youthe anger of the gods that very daywhen Paris and Phoebus Apollo,in spite of all your courage, slaughter you [360]at the Scaean Gate."
As Hector spoke,death's final end slid over him. His life slipped out,flying off to Hades, mourning his fate to have to leavesuch youthful manliness. Over dead Hector,godlike Achilles then cried out:
"Die there.As for my own death, I accept it 460whenever Zeus and the immortal godssee fit to bring it to me"
Why is it not over when Hector is dead? Why doesn’t Achilles’ anger cease?
Saying this,He pulled his bronze spear from the corpse, set it aside, and stripped the blood-stained armour from the shoulders. Then the rest of Achaea's sons came running up.They gazed at Hector's stature, his handsome body. [370]All the men who came up to the corpse stabbed it,looking at each other, saying:
"Look here, it's easier for us to deal with Hector now than when his fire burned our ships."
Achilles finished. Then on noble Hector's corpsehe carried out a monstrous act. He cut throughthe tendons behind both feet, from heel to ankle,threaded them with ox-hide thongs, and then tied theseonto his chariot, leaving the head to drag behind.He climbed up in his chariot, brought on the splendid armour,then lashed his horses. They sped off eagerly, 500 [400]dragging Hector.

The Iliad 18-20

We covered the following in class on Tuesday and Wednesday:

The Iliad-“The Arms of Achilles” Book 18-20pts

Write a reaction to Achilles’ behavior when he learns of Patroclus’ death. Where does he focus his rage? Is this appropriate? How important is the feud with Agamemnon?

"Son of warlike Peleus,you must hear this dreadful news—somethingI wish weren't so—Patroclus lies dead. [20]Men are fighting now around the body.He's stripped. Hector with his gleaming helmethas the armour."
Antilochus finished speaking.A black cloud of grief swallowed up Achilles.With both hands he scooped up soot and dust and poured iton his head, covering his handsome face with dirt,covering his sweet-smelling tunic with black ash. 30He lay sprawling—his mighty warrior's massive bodycollapsed and stretched out in the dust. With his hands,he tugged at his own hair, disfiguring himself.The women slaves acquired as battle trophiesby Achilles and Patroclus, hearts overwhelmed with anguish, began to scream aloud. They rushed outsideand beat their breasts around warlike Achilles. [30]Then all the women's legs gave way, and they fell down.Across from them, Antilochus lamented,eyes full of tears, as he held Achilles by the hand. 40 Achilles' noble heart moaned aloud. Antilochusfeared he might hurt himself or slit his throatwith his own sword. Achilles gave a huge cry of grief.His noble mother heard it from the ocean depthswhere she was sitting by her ancient father.She began to wail. Then around her gatheredall the divine daughters of Nereus deep in the sea—Glauce, Thaleia, Cymodoce, Nesaea,Speio, Thoe, ox-eyed Halië, Cymothoë, [40]Actaia, Limnoreia, Melite, Iaera, 50Amphithoe, Agave, Doto, Proto,Pherousa, Dynamene, Dexamene,Amphinome, Callianeira, Doris, Panope,lovely Galatea, Nemertes, Apseudes,Callianassa. Also there were Clymene,Ianeira, Ianassa, Maera, Orithyia,Amatheia with her lovely hair, and others,Nereus' daughters living in the ocean depths.They filled the glistening cave, beating their breasts. [50]
_______________________________________________________

"Yes, Mother,Olympian Zeus has indeed accomplishedwhat I asked. But what pleasure's there for me, [80]when Patroclus, my beloved companion,has been destroyed, the man I honouredas my equal, above all my comrades. 100I've lost him and the armour, which Hector took,once he'd killed him, that massive armour,so wonderful to look at, which the godsgave as a priceless gift to Peleuson that day they placed you in the bedof a mortal man. If only you had stayedamong the eternal maidens of the seaand Peleus had married a mortal wife.But now there'll be innumerable sorrowswaiting for your heart, once your child is killed. 110You won't be welcoming him back home again. [90]My own heart has no desire to live on,to continue living among men,unless Hector is hit by my spear first,losing his life and paying me compensationfor killing Menoetius' son, Patroclus."
Through her tears, Thetis then answered Achilles:
"My son, from what you've just been saying,you're fated to an early death, for your doomcomes quickly as soon as Hector dies." 120
Swift-footed Achilles answered her with passion:
"Then let me die, since I could not preventthe death of my companion.
How does Achilles turn the tide of battle without even fighting? What promise does he make to Patroclus?

He strode from the wall, then stood there by the ditch.But recalling what his mother said to him,he didn't mingle with Achaeans. As he stood there,he cried out. From far away, Pallas Athena 270added her voice, too, causing great consternationamong the Trojans. As thrilling as a trumpet's notewhen it rings clearly, when rapacious enemies [220]besiege a city—that's how sharp and piercingAchilles' voice was then. When the Trojans heard it,that brazen shout Achilles gave, all their heartswere shaken. Their horses with the lovely manesturned back the chariots, anticipating troublein their hearts. Charioteers were terrified, seeingthe fearful inextinguishable fire blazing 280from the head of the great-hearted son of Peleus.For Athena, goddess with the glittering eyes,kept it burning. Three times godlike Achilles yelledacross that ditch. Three times Trojans and their allieswere thrown into confusion. At that moment, twelve of their best men were killed by their own chariots [230]and their own spears. Achaeans then, with stronger hearts,pulled Patroclus out of spear range and laid him on a cot.His dear companions gathered mourning round him,Achilles with them, shedding hot tears when he saw 290his loyal companion lying on a death bed,mutilated by sharp bronze. He'd sent him out to warwith chariot and horses, but never welcomed himat his return.

_________________________________________________________

And now, Patroclus, since I'm journeyingunder the earth after you, I'll postponeyour burial till I bring here Hector's head,his armour, too, the man who slaughtered you,you courageous man. I'll cut the throats 420of twelve fine Trojan children on your pyre,in my anger at your killing. Till that time,you'll lie like this with me by my beaked ships,and round you Trojan and Dardanian womenwill keep lamenting night and day, shedding tears, [340]the very women we two worked hard to winwith our strength and our long spears, by lootingprosperous cities of mortal men."



The Iliad-Books 19 & 20-20pts
“Achilles and Agamemnon”
How has the relationship between Achilles and Agamemnon changed? What do Achilles and Odysseus have a slight disagreement about? What does this say about their personalities? What is Achilles’ focus? Provide a line for support.
Swift-footed Achilles then answered Agamemnon:
"Most glorious son of Atreus, Agamemnon,king of men, if you wish to give me presents,as is appropriate, or to withhold them,that's up to you. Now we must think of war,and with all speed. We should not be wasting timein conversation or with such delays.We have great work to do, so once again [150]men see Achilles with the front-line warriors, 190destroying the Trojans' ranks with his bronze spear.Keep this in mind when you confront your man."
Resourceful Odysseus then addressed Achilles:
"Though you're a brave man, god-like Achilles,don't encourage Achaea's sons to fightagainst the Trojans on empty stomachs.If so, the fight won't last for long if troopsengage right now, once some god infuses strengthinto both sides. No. Instruct Achaeansto have some food and wine by their swift ships. 200 [160]For they give strength and courage. No soldiercan fight the enemy all day till sunsetwithout some food. However fierce his heartmay be for battle, his limbs grow heavywithout his knowledge. Once thirst and hungerovertake him, his knees get tired as he moves.But the man who's had sufficient food and winefights all day long against his enemieswith a courageous heart. His limbs don't tireuntil all warriors have left the battle. 210 [170]So dismiss your men. Tell them to make a meal.
Swift-footed Achilles then replied to Agamemnon:
For now,all those killed by Hector, son of Priam,when Zeus gave him glory, are lying there,all mangled, and you are urging us to eat!For my part, I'd lead Achaea's sons to warright now, unfed, with empty stomachs,then at sunset make them a great dinner,when we've avenged our shame. Until that time,no drink or food will pass my throat, at least, 260 [210]while my dead comrade lies inside my hut,mutilated by sharp bronze, with his feetstill pointing at the door, while his companionsmourn there around him. That's why my heartcannot concern itself with what you've said, only with killing, blood, men's dying groans



This is the beginning of Achilles’ aristeia. What heroic qualities does he display?
Achilles leapt among the Trojans, his heart wrapped in battle fury.First he killed Iphition, Otrynteus' brave son,who commanded many men. A Naiad nymph bore him 460to Otrynteus, sacker of cities, in Hyde,a fertile land, below snow-covered Mount Tmolus.As he charged right at him, godlike Achillesstruck Iphition with his spear squarely in the head,splitting his skull apart. He fell with a crash.Godlike Achilles then cried out in triumph:
"Lie there, son of Otrynteus, of all menthe one we fear the most. Here you die. [390]You were born beside the Gygaean lake,on your father's land, by the fish-filled Hyllus 470and the swirling Hermus rivers."
Achilles triumphed. But down on Iphition's eyesthe darkness fell, and then, in the first attack,Achaean wheel rims on the chariots ripped him up.After him, Achilles went for Demoleon,Antenor's son, a brave defensive fighter, hitting the bronze cheek armour on his helmet.But that didn't check the spear—it smashed through,breaking his skull, splattering all his brains inside.That stopped his fighting charge. Then Hippodamas 480 [400]jumped down out of his chariot to flee Achilles.But Achilles speared him in the back. As he died,panting his life away, he screamed—just as a bull roars,when it's pulled around the altar of Poseidon,lord of Helice, the Earthshaker, who delightsin those young lads who drag the beast—in just that wayHippodamas bellowed then, as his noble spiritslipped out from his bones. Then Achilles with his spearattacked noble Polydorus, son of Priam.His father would not let Polydorus fight, 490for of all his children he was the youngest born, the one most loved. He was the fastest runner, too. [410]Now, like a fool, he was showing off his speed,sprinting through front lines until he lost his life.As he ran past, swift-footed godlike Achillesthrew his spear into the middle of his back,where the golden belt clasps joined togetheron the overlapping body armour. The spear point,going straight through, came out his navel. With a scream,he fell onto his knees. Then black cloud enveloped him. 500As he collapsed, his guts spilled out into his hands.
When Hector saw his brother Polydorus there,down on the ground, collapsed and holding his own entrails, [420]a mist flowed right across his eyes. He could no longerbear to keep his distance. He moved against Achilles,waving his sharp spear, just like a flame. Achilles,when he saw him, jumped out and roared in triumph:
"He's getting closer—the very manwho scarred my heart more than all other men.We won't be evading one another 510in the battle lanes much longer."
As he said this, Achilles scowled at godlike Hector,then yelled at him:
"Come closer,so you can meet your fatal doom more quickly."
Hector of the shining helmet, quite unafraid, [430]then cried out to Achilles:
"Son of Peleus,don't try to frighten me with words, as ifI were some child. I, too, know well enoughhow to shout out taunting words and insults.I know you're brave, stronger than me by far. 520 But these things are in the lap of the gods. Though I'm the weaker man, I'll take your life,with one throw of my spear, for in the pastit's proved it's sharp enough."
With these words,Hector raised his spear and threw it. But Athena,with the slightest puff of breath, blew it aside,away from glorious Achilles, turning it back to godlike Hector. It landed there beside his feet. [440]Then, with a terrifying shout, Achilles charged,lusting to kill. But Apollo snatched up Hector, 530something a god can do with ease, then hid himin thick cloud. Swift-footed, godlike Achillescharged that cloud three times, striking hard each timewith his bronze spear. When for the fourth timehe came on like a god with a terrific shout,Achilles cried out these winged words to Hector:
"You dog—once more you're evading death for now. But you've narrowly escaped disaster.Phoebus Apollo has saved you one more time. [450]No doubt you always pray to him as you go 540 out into the sound of thudding spears.Next time we meet, I'll surely finish you,if some god is there to assist me, too.For now I'll fight the others, any manI chance to meet."
Achilles finished shouting.Then he struck Dryops with his spear right in the neck.Dryops fell at Achilles' feet. But he left him there.Next, Achilles stopped Demouchus, Philetor's son, a big brave warrior, with a spear thrust in his knee.Then he hit him with his massive sword, taking his life. 550After that, he went at Dardanus and Laogonus,both sons of Bias, throwing them out of their chariot [460]onto the ground. He hit one of them with his spearand slashed the other at close quarters with his sword.
Then Tros, Alastor's son, fell at Achilles knees,clutching them, begging him to spare his life, to capture him alive, instead of killing him,moved by pity for a man the same age as himself.What a fool! He did not know there was no wayto change Achilles' mind—he was not a tender man 560with a soft heart, but full of fighting rage. With his handsTros tried to clutch Achilles' knees, desperateto plead for mercy, but Achilles' sword struck himin his liver, which slid out from the wound. Black blood, pouring from the gash, filled up his lap. [470]Then darkness veiled his eyes, and his spirit left him.
Next, Achilles moved up to Mulius and with his spearstruck him on the ear. The bronze point, driven in hard,came out his other ear. Then he hit Echeclus,Agenor's son, with his hilted sword right on his head. 570The blood made the whole blade hot. Then dark death,his powerful fate, came down across his eyes.Next, Achilles hit Deucalion—his bronze spear pointstruck him in the arm where tendons meet the elbow.His arm now useless, Deucalion stood there waiting, [480]staring death right in the face. Achilles hit himwith his sword blade in the neck, slicing off his head.He knocked the head and the helmet far away.From Deucalion's spine the marrow spurted out,as his body lay there, stretched out on the ground. 580Next, Achilles, after chasing the noble son of Peires,Rhigmus, who'd come from fertile Thrace, hit himwith a spear throw in the gut, fixing the bronzefirmly in his belly. Rhigmus fell from his chariot.His attendant, Areithous, wheeled the horses round, but Achilles' sharp spear struck him in the backand threw him from the chariot. The horses bolted.
Just as a terrifying fire rages through deep woods [490]on a parched mountain, burning dense stands of trees,as the driving wind blows flames to every spot, 590that how Achilles, like a god, raged with his spear,attacking and killing men all through the fight.The dark earth ran with blood. Just as a man yokes oxen,big bulls, wide in the shoulder, to grind barleyon a well-built threshing floor, and lowing oxenquickly flatten all the grain, that how brave Achillesdrove his sure-footed horses to trample on the deadand on their shields as well. The chariot axle underneathgot sprayed with blood. Blood soaked the chariot rails, [500]thrown up in gouts from horses' hooves and wheel rims. 600But Peleus' son pushed on to win more glory, blood spattered over his all-conquering hands[H1] .

The Iliad-book 16

Students are to complete the following assignment for Hw:

The Iliad-“Patroclus Fights and Dies” Book 16-20pts

Examine the dialogue between Patroclus and Achilles. Explain each man’s argument in your own words. What is the tone of each man? Why does Achilles think the Trojans are winning? How does this both add and detract from his image as a hero? What is the significance of Achilles’ warning to Patroclus?

While the men kept on fighting at the well-decked ships,Patroclus went to Achilles, his people's shepherd,shedding warm tears, like a fountain of dark waterwhose stream flows over the lip of a sheer rock face.Looking at him, swift-footed, godlike Achillesfelt pity. So he spoke to him—his words had wings:
"Why are you crying, Patroclus, like some girl,an infant walking beside her mother,asking to be picked up. She pulls the robeand stops her mother strolling on ahead, 10looking up at her in tears, until the mother [10]lifts her up. You're crying just like that girl,Patroclus. Is there something you need to sayto the Myrmidons or me? Some newsfrom Phthia that only you have heard?People say Menoetius, Actor's son,is still living, and Peleus is alive,Aeacus' son, among his Myrmidons.If these two had died, then we'd have somethingreal to grieve about. Or are you feeling sad 20 for Argives as they're being obliteratedamong the hollow ships for all their pride?Speak up. Don't conceal what's on your mind.Then we'll both understand."
With a heavy sigh,horseman Patroclus, you then replied: [20]
"Achilles,Peleus' son, by far the strongest of Achaeans,don't be angry with me. Such great despairhas overcome the Argives. For all thosewho used to be the bravest warriors are lying at the ships with sword and spear wounds— 30powerful Diomedes, son of Tydeus,hit by a spear, famous spearman Odysseuswith a stab wound, and Agamemnon, too.An arrow struck Eurypylus in the thigh.Many healers, exceptionally skilledin various medicines, are with them now,tending their wounds. But it's impossibleto deal with you, Achilles. I hope angerlike this rage you're nursing never seizes me. [30]It's disastrous! How will you be of use 40 to anyone in later generations,if you won't keep shameful ruin from the Argives?You're pitiless. Perhaps horseman Peleuswas not your father, nor Thetis your mother—the gray sea delivered you, some tall cliff,for you've an unyielding heart. If your mindshuns some prophecy, or your noble motherhas told you news from Zeus, at least send me,and quickly, with the others in our troopof Myrmidons. I could be a saving light 50for the Danaans. Give me your armour [40]to buckle round my shoulders, so Trojans,mistaking me for you, may stop the fight.Then Achaea's warrior sons could get some rest.They're worn out. War doesn't offer much relief.We're fresh, so we should easily repulsethe Trojans tired of the battle noiseback from our ships and huts towards the city"
Patroclus finished his entreaty. How wrong he was!He was praying for his own death, his dreadful fate. 60Swift-footed Achilles, with some heat, replied:
"My dear divinely born Patroclus,what are you saying? I'm not concernedwith any prophecy I know about, [50]nor has my noble mother said a thingfrom Zeus. But dreadful pain came in my heartand spirit when that man wished to cheatsomeone his equal and steal away that prize, and just because he's got more power.That really hurt, given that I've suffered 70in this war so many pains here in my chest.Achaea's sons chose that girl as my prize.I won her with my spear, once I'd destroyedher strong-walled city. Lord Agamemnontook her back, out of my hands, as if I weresome stranger without honour. But let that be— [60]it's over, done with. Besides, my spiritdidn't mean to stay enraged for ever,although I thought I wouldn't end my angeruntil the cries of warfare reached my ships. 80Come, put my famous armour on your shouldersand lead war-loving Myrmidons to battle, since black clouds of Trojans now surround the ships,expecting victory, and Argives standcrammed in by the sea shore, with little space, while a city full of Trojans comes at themwithout fear, because they don't see near them [70]my helmet with its glittering front. Soon enough,they'd be running back, filling the gullieswith their dead, if mighty Agamemnon 90treated me with kindness—but now they fightall through our camp. For there's no spear ragingin the fists of Diomedes, son of Tydeus,to protect Danaans from disaster.I've not heard the voice of Agamemnoncrying out in his vile head. As for Hector,that man-killer's voice echoes everywhere,shouting at Trojans, who fill all the plainwith their noise, as they defeat Achaeansin this battle. Even so, Patroclus, 100 [80]you must stave off disaster from the fleet.Go after them in force—they may fire those shipsand rob us of the journey home we crave.Now, pay attention to what I tell youabout the goal I have in mind for you,so you'll win me great honour and rewards,so all Danaans will send back to methat lovely girl and give fine gifts as well.Once you push Trojans from the ships, come back.If Zeus, Hera's mate, who loves his thunder, 110gives you the glory, don't keep on battlingthose war-loving Trojans with me absent. [90]You would decrease my honours. Don't letthe joy of fighting and of killing Trojanslead you on to Ilion, just in casesome deathless Olympian god attacks you. Apollo, the far-worker, loves his Trojans.So make sure you come back here again, once your saving light has reached our ships.Let others keep on fighting in the plain. 120O Father Zeus, Athena, and Apollo—if only no single Trojan or Achaeancould escape death, and just we two alonewere not destroyed, so that by ourselveswe could take Troy's sacred battlements!"
What is the significance of Achilles’ prayer? Is he being realistic?
"Zeus, king, lord of Dodona, Pelasgian,you who live far off, ruling cold Dodona,around whom live the Selli, your prophets, 280with unwashed feet, who sleep upon the ground, you heard me when I prayed to you before.You gave me honour then by striking hardat the Achaean army. So grant me nowwhat I still desire. I intend to staybeside this group of ships, but I'm sending outmy comrade and my many Myrmidons. [240]Send glory with him, all-seeing Zeus.Strengthen the heart inside his chest, so Hectorsees if Patroclus can fight on alone 290or if his hands are always conqueringonly when I'm with him in the raging war,in the centre of the havoc Ares brings.But when he's pushed the fight and battle noiseback from the ships, let him return to me,here at my hollow ships, without a scratch,with all his weapons and companions,men who battle in the killing zone."
What mistake does Patroclus make?

Patroclus then called to his horsesand to Automedon to pursue the Trojans,the Lycians, as well. How blind he was, poor fool! 800If he'd done what the son of Peleus had told him, he'd have missed his evil fate, his own dark death.But Zeus' mind is always stronger than a man's.He can make even a brave man fearful, rob himof his victory with ease. And Zeus can rouse a manfor battle, as he did then, putting desire to fight [690]into Patroclus' chest.

Explain who you feel is more responsible for the death of Patroclus. Achilles or Hector?
Explain the significance of the dialogue between Hector and Patroclus. What is the subject of Patroclus’ dying words?
Then Patroclus charged the Trojans, intent on slaughter. Three times he assaulted them,like war god Ares, with terrific shouts. Three timeshe killed nine men. But when he attacked a fourth time,then, Patroclus, you saw your life end. For Phoebus, a terrible god, in that grim fight came up against you.Patroclus failed to see Apollo, as he movedthrough the confusion, for he advanced towards him [790]hidden in thick mist. Apollo stood behind him.Then with the flat of his hand, he struck Patroclus 920on his back, on his broad shoulders—that made his eyes lose focus. Next, Phoebus Apollo knocked the helmetfrom his head. The horsehair crest rolled with a clatterunder horses' feet. The dust and blood then stainedthe helmet's plumes. Up to that time, gods had not letthat helmet with its horsehair plume get smudged with dirt,for it was always guarding godlike Achilles' head,his noble forehead, too. Later Zeus awarded itto Hector to carry on his head, as his death loomed. [800]In Patroclus' hands, his heavy long-shadowed spear, 930thick and strong, with its bronze point, was completely smashed. His tasseled shield and strap fell from his shouldersdown on the ground. Next, Apollo, Zeus' son, loosenedthe body armour on Patroclus. His mind went blank,his fine limbs grew limp—he stood there in a daze.From close behind, Euphorbus, son of Panthous,a Dardan warrior, hit him in the back,with a sharp spear between the shoulder blades. Euphorbus surpassed all men the same age as himin spear throwing, horsemanship, and speed on foot.He'd already knocked twenty men out of their chariots, 940 [810]and that was the first time he'd come with his own chariot to learn something of war. Euphorbus was the firstto strike you, horseman Patroclus, but he failedto kill you. Pulling the spear out of Patroclus' flesh,Euphorbus ran back again to blend in with the throng.He didn't stand his ground, even though Patroclushad no weapons for a fight. So Patroclus,overwhelmed by the god's blow and spear, withdrew,back to the group of his companions, avoiding death.
But when Hector noticed brave Patroclus going back, 950wounded by sharp bronze, he moved up through the ranks, stood close to Patroclus and struck him with his spear, [820]low in the stomach, driving the bronze straight through.Patroclus fell with a crash, and Achaea's armywas filled with anguish. Just as a lion overcomesa tireless wild boar in combat, when both beastsfight bravely in the mountains over a small springwhere they both want to drink, and the lion's strengthbrings down the panting boar—that's how Hector,moving close in with his spear, destroyed the life 960of Menoetius' noble son, who'd killed so many men. Then Hector spoke winged words of triumph over him:
"Patroclus, you thought you'd raze our city, [830]robbing our women of their life of freedom,taking them in ships to your dear native land.You fool! In front of them, Hector's horses,swift of foot, came out to fight. With the spearI'm the very best war-loving Trojan,and I've saved them from their fatal day.Now vultures will eat you here. You poor wretch, 970even Achilles, for all his courage, was no use to you. Though he stayed behind,he must have given you strict orders as you left, 'Don't return to me, horseman Patroclus,at the hollow ships, until you've slashed blood [840]all over man-killing Hector's tunicfrom his own chest.' That's what he must have saidto win you over to such foolishness."
Then you, horseman Patroclus, your strength all gone,replied:
"Boast on, Hector, for the moment. 980Zeus, son of Cronos, and Apollo have given you victory. They overcame meeasily, for they personally removedthe armour from my shoulders. If twenty mencame to confront me, just like you,all would have died, slaughtered by my spear.But deadly Fate and Leto's son have slain me—and Euphorbus. So you're the third in line [850]at my death. But I'll tell you something else—bear this in mind—you'll not live long yourself. 990Your death is already standing close at hand, a fatal power. For you'll be destroyedat brave Achilles' hands, descendant of Aeacus."
As Patroclus said these words to Hector,the finality of death flowed over him.

The Iliad- books 12 & 14

Students are to complete the following assignment in class on Friday 5/29.





The Iliad-books 12 & 14-(20pts)
“The Fight at the Barricade”
This is the single most powerful image of Hector. What heroic qualities does he display?
"Drive forward, you horse-taming Trojans. [440]Breach that Argive wall. Then burn the shipswith a huge fire."
With these words, he drove them on.Their ears all caught his call. Hurling themselves at the wallin a dense mass, gripping sharp spears, they began to climb. 490Hector picked up a rock lying before the gates,thick at its base but tapering sharply on the top.Two of the best working men now livingcould not lever that stone out of the ground easilyinto their cart, but Hector carried it with ease alone.Crooked-minded Cronos' son made it light for him[H1] . [450]Just as a shepherd has no trouble carrying a ram's fleece in one hand, hardly noticing the weight,so Hector lifted up that rock, then carried it straight to the doors guarding the strongly fitted gates, 500high double doors with two cross pieces holding them insidesecured with a single bolt. Hector moved up closer,planted himself before the doors, his legs wide apartto throw with greater force, then hurled that rockright at the centre of the doors. He smashed both hinges. [460]The stone's momentum took it clear through the doors.The gates groaned loudly. The bolts were sheared right off. The impact of that boulder shattered all the planks.Glorious Hector, his face like night's swift darkness,leapt inside. The bronze which covered his whole body 510was a terrifying glitter. In his hand he held two spears.Once he'd jumped inside the gates, no one moving out to stop him could hold him back, except the gods.From his eyes fire blazed. Wheeling through the throng,he shouted to his Trojans to climb the wall.His men responded to his call. Some scaled the wall,others came pouring through the hole made in the gates.Danaans were driven back among their hollow ships [470]in a rout, and the noisy tumult never stopped.
“Zeus Deceived”
How/why is Hera able to deceive Zeus so easily? What is the modern relevance of this scene?
As this was happening, on a peak of Mount OlympusHera of the golden throne was standing watching.She recognized her brother-in-law at once,as he kept busy in the war where men win glory,for he was her brother and her husband's, too. 190Hera's heart was pleased. She looked across at Zeus, sitting on the highest peak on top of Ida,with its many fountains. Hatred filled her heart.So ox-eyed queen Hera then began consideringhow she might deceive the mind of aegis-bearing Zeus. [160]In her heart the best course of action seemed to beto make herself look most attractive, go to Ida,then see if Zeus would want to lie down with her,embrace her, and make love. Then she could pour outon his eyelids and his crafty mind a deep warm sleep. 200She went off to her bedroom, which Hephaestus,her dear son, had made for her, with close-fitting doorsset against their posts, secured with a secret lock,which no other god could open. She went in there,then closed the shining doors. First, with ambrosia [170]she washed from her lovely body all the stains,then rubbed her skin with fragrant oil, divinely sweet,made specially for her. If this perfume were merely stirredinside Zeus' bronze-floored house, its scent would then diffusethroughout heaven and earth. She used this perfume 210all over her fair body, then arranged her hair. With her own hands she combed her shining locks in braids,a stunning style for an immortal goddess.Then she wrapped around herself a heavenly robe,which Athena made for her from silky fabric,adorning it with gorgeous embroidery.She pinned the robe around her breast with golden brooches. [180]On her waist she put a belt with a hundred tassels.Hera then fixed earrings in her pierced ear lobes,each with three gemstones, an enchanting glitter. 220Next the queen of goddesses placed on her head a fine new dazzling shawl, white as the sun.She then slipped lovely sandals over her sleek feet.
Once Hera had dressed her body in this finery,she left the room and summoned Aphrodite.Some distance from the other gods, she said to her:
"My dear child, will you agree to do [190]what I ask of you, or will you refuse,because you're angry with me in your heart,since I help Danaans and you aid the Trojans?" 230
Zeus' daughter Aphrodite answered her:
"Hera, honoured goddess, daughter of great Cronos,say what's on your mind. My heart tells meI should do what you ask, if I can,if it's something that can be carried out."
Then queen Hera, with her devious mind, replied:
"Then give me Love and Sexual Desire,which you use to master all immortals,and mortal men as well. I'm going to visitthe limits of this all-nourishing earth, 240 [200]to see Oceanus, from whom the gods arose, and mother Tethys, the two who reared me,taking good care of me inside their home,once they got me from Rhea, that time Zeus,who sees far and wide, forced Cronosunderground, under the restless seas.I'm going to visit them. And I'll resolvetheir endless quarrel. For a long time now,they've stayed apart from one another,not sharing love there in the marriage bed, 250since anger fills their hearts. If my wordscould reconcile the hearts in these two gods,bring them to bed again, once more in love,they'd think of me with loving reverence." [210]
Laughter-loving Aphrodite answered Hera:
"It wouldn't be appropriate for meto say no to your demand, since you sleepin the arms of Zeus, the greatest of the gods."
Aphrodite spoke, then loosened from her breaststhe finely decorated, embroidered garment 260in which all her magic charms were fixed—for love, erotic lust, flirtation, and seduction,which steals the wits even of clear-thinking men.Aphrodite put this in Hera's hands, then said:
"Take this garment. Tie it round your breasts.Everything is interwoven in the cloth. [220]I don't think you'll come back unsuccessfulin getting what it is your heart desires."
Hera sped off, leaving the crest of mount Olympus.
There she met Sleep, Death's brother. Clasping his hand,she spoke to him:
"Sleep, king of all men and gods,if you've ever listened to what I say, 280obey me now. I'll be grateful always. Lull Zeus' radiant eyes to sleep for me,when I'm stretched out for sex beside him.I'll give you as a gift a lovely throne,indestructible gold which my own sonHephaestus with his ambidextrous skillswill make for you. Under it he'll set a stool, [240]so you can rest your feet when drinking wine."
Sweet Sleep then said in reply:
"Honoured goddess Hera,daughter of mighty Cronos, I could with ease 290bring some other immortal one to sleep, even the streams of river Ocean,the source of all of them. But I won't comenear Zeus, lull him to sleep, unless he bids me,asks in person. Your request some time agotaught me my lesson, on that very day [250]when Hercules, son of almighty Zeus,set sail from Ilion, after he'd sackedthe Trojans' city. That's when I seducedthe mind of aegis-bearing Zeus, pouring 300my sweetness over him. You then carried evil in your heart for Hercules, drivingblasts of hostile winds across the sea,taking him at last to well-settled Cos,far from all his friends. When Zeus woke up,he was incensed, throwing gods around his house,looking, above all, for me. He'd have tossed mefrom heaven into the sea, if Night,who subdues gods and men, had not saved me. [260]I ran away to her, and Zeus held back, 310though still enraged, not wishing to offend swift Night. Now here you are again, asking meto do something I simply must not do."
Ox-eyed queen Hera then answered him:
"Sleep,why concern your heart about these matters?Do you think all-seeing Zeus feels for Trojansthe same rage he felt then for Hercules,his own son? But come, I'll give you as your wifeone of the younger Graces. You can marryPasithea, whom you long for every day." 320
Hera finished. Sleep was overjoyed and said: [270]
"All right, then. Swear to me by watersof the inviolable river Styx, settingone hand on the all-nourishing earth,the other on the shimmering sea,so all may witness our agreement,even those gods underground with Cronos,that you will give me one of the Graces,Pasithea, whom I long for every day."
White-armed goddess Hera agreed to Sleep's request.
Hera moved quickly on to Ida's peak, high Gargarus.Cloud-gatherer Zeus caught sight of her. As he looked,his wise heart became suffused with sexual desire,as strong as when they'd first made love together,lying on a couch without their parents' knowledge. 350Zeus stood up in front of her, called her, and said:
"Hera, what are you looking for, comingdown here from Olympus? Your chariotand your horses are not here. You should use them."
Queen Hera with her crafty mind then answered Zeus: [300]
"I'm going to visit the outer limitsof this all-nourishing earth, to Oceanus,from whom gods came, and mother Tethys,who looked after me in their own home.They raised me well. I'll try to mediate 360their endless quarrel. For a long time now,they've stayed apart from one another,not sharing love there in the marriage bed,since anger fills their hearts. As for my horses,they're standing at the foot of Ida,with its many springs, to carry meacross dry land and sea. I've come here now,down from Mount Olympus, to stop youfrom being angry with me afterwards, [310]if I say nothing about going to visit 370deep-flowing Oceanus in his home."
Cloud-gatherer Zeus then answered:
"Hera,you can go there later. But why don't welie down and make joyful love together?I've never felt such sexual desire beforefor any goddess, for any mortal woman.It's flooding through me, overpowering the hearthere in my chest—not even when I lusted forIxion's wife, who bore me Peirithoös,a man as wise as gods, or Danaë, 380with her enchanting ankles, daughter of Acrisius, who gave birth to Perseus, [320]most illustrious of men, nor the daughterof famous Phoenix, who bore me Minosand godlike Rhadamanthus, nor Alcmene,who gave birth to Hercules in Thebes,a mighty hearted son, nor Semele,who bore that joy to mortals Dionysus,nor fair-haired lady Demeter, nor Leto,that glorious girl, not even for yourself— 390I felt for none of these the love I feelfor you right now—such sweet desire grips me."
Queen Hera with her cunning mind then said in reply:
"Most fearsome son of Cronos, what are you saying? [330]If you now want us to make love lying here,on Ida’s peaks, where anyone can see,what if one of the immortal gods observes us,as we sleep, then goes and tells the other gods?I could not get up from this bed and gointo your home. That would be scandalous. 400But if that's your wish, if your heart's set on it, you have that bedroom your own son Hephaestushad built for you. It has close-fitting doorsfixed into posts. Let's go and lie down there,since you're so keen for us to go to bed."
Underneath them divine Earth made fresh flowers grow—dew-covered clover, crocuses, and hyacinths,lush and soft, to hold the lovers off the ground.They lay together there covered with a cloud, [350]a lovely golden mist, from which fell glistening dew.Then Zeus slumbered peacefully on Mount Gargarus,overcome with love and sleep, his wife in his embrace.
Sweet Sleep rushed to the Achaean ships, to inform 420Poseidon, the Encircler and Shaker of the Earth.Coming up to him, Sleep spoke—his words had wings:
"Poseidon, you could now assist the Argivesquite readily and give them glory,if only for a while—Zeus is fast asleep.I’ve covered him with a delicious sleep.Hera has seduced him on a bed of love."

The Iliad-Book 10

The students began working on the following assignment which is to be completed for HW:

The Iliad-book 10 “A Night Raid”-20pts

Relate Diomedes’ and Odysseus’ treatment of the prisoner Dolon to today. Do they treat him fairly? Write a reaction to their actions. In other words, defend or refute.

Dolon wasn't much to look at, but he ran fast.He was the only male child, with five sisters.At that point he spoke up to Hector and the Trojans: 380
"Hector, my heart and my proud spirit prompt meto volunteer to sneak up to those fast ships [320]and find out what I can. Come, raise your sceptre,swear to me that you'll give me those horsesand that chariot decorated all in bronzewhich carry the fine son of Peleus.I'll not be a useless scout or disappoint you.I'll go straight through the army, till I reachAgamemnon's ship, where their best menmust be in council talking of their plans, 390whether to flee or to continue fighting."
Dolon spoke. Holding up his sceptre, Hector swore:
"Let Zeus himself, Hera's loud-thundering husband,be my witness, that no other Trojanwill be carried by those horses. I affirm [330]that you will glory in them all your life."
Hector spoke. He'd sworn an empty oath, but Dolonwas encouraged. At once, he slung across his shoulderhis curved bow, then threw a gray wolf skin on it.On his head he set a cap of marten skin, 400 grabbed a sharp spear, and set off, going from the camptowards the ships. He would not be coming backbringing Hector information from the ships.But when he left the crowd of men and horses,he went eagerly along the path. As he moved,noble Odysseus saw him and said to Diomedes: [340]
"Diomedes, someone's coming from the camp.I don't know if he's going to scout our shipsor strip some dead man's corpse. Let's let himat first get past us on the plain, just a bit. 410Then we can go after him and catch him fast.If his feet outrun ours, we'll keep following himand chase him from his camp towards our ships.Keep brandishing your spear behind him,so he doesn't make it to the city."
After these words, the two men lay down beside the road,among the corpses. Dolon ran past them quickly, [350]quite unaware. When he'd gone about as faras mules plough in a single day—and in deep fieldsthey outwork oxen pulling double-jointed ploughs— 420 the two men ran after him. When he heard their noise,Dolon stopped, hoping in his heart they were comradescoming from the Trojans to get him to turn back,Hector having changed the orders. But when they camewithin the distance of a spear throw or even less, he saw that they were enemies and started running,to get away as quickly as his legs could carry him.They set off chasing him with speed. Just as when two dogs, [360]skilled hunting hounds with sharp fangs, harass some doeor hare relentlessly across a wooded country, 430the prey screaming as it runs, that's how Tydeus' sonand Odysseus, destroyer of cities, pursued him,keeping Dolon from his people with their constant chase.When Dolon was about to run into the sentriesin his flight towards the ships, at that pointAthena put fighting power into Tydeus' son,so no bronze-clad Achaean could make the boastthat he'd hit Dolon first and that Diomedeshad come up later. Springing forward with his spear,powerful Diomedes yelled:
"Stop! 440 [370]Or I'll hit you with my spear. I don't thinkyou'll long escape complete destruction at my hands"
Diomedes shouted this, then threw the spear,deliberately missing Dolon. The polished spear pointsailed over his right shoulder, then stuck in the ground.Dolon just stood there terrified, stammering, pale with fear—his teeth were chattering in his mouth. The two men ran up,panting, and grabbed his hands. Dolon began to cry and beg:
"Take me alive, and I'll ransom myself. At home there is bronze, gold, well-wrought iron. 450 My father will give lots of it to you—an immense ransom—if he once finds out [380]I'm at Achaean ships and still alive."
Crafty Odysseus smiled at him and said:
"Don't worry. Don't let death weigh down your heart.Come now, tell me—and be sure to speak the truth.Why are you going like this to the ships alone,away from your army in the dead of night,when other warriors are fast asleep[H1] ?Are you going to strip some dead man's body, 460 or has Hector sent you as a spy,to learn something about the hollow ships?Or did your own spirit prompt you to this?"
Dolon answered Odysseus, his limbs trembling. [390]
"Hector led my mind astray with foolish hopes,lots of them. He promised he'd give methe sure-footed horses of Achilles,Peleus' excellent son, and his chariotwith its bronze decoration. He told meto venture out into the swift dark night, 470get close to hostile troops, and then find outif they were guarding their swift ships as before, or whether, now we have defeated them,they were planning flight among themselves,unwilling to keep up watch at night,exhausted by their desperate efforts."
Shrewd Odysseus, still smiling, then continued: [400]
"Your heart has been ambitious for big gifts.Those horses of warrior Achilles,descendant of Aeacus, are hard to manage 480or control for any mortal person,except Achilles, son of an immortal mother[H2] .Tell me, now, and be sure to speak the truth.When you came here, where did you leave Hector,shepherd to his people? Where's his armour?Where are his horses? How are the sentriesof the other Trojans set? Where are they sleeping?Tell me what they talk of amongst themselves, whether they're eager to stay beside the ships,quite far from home, or whether they'll return 490 [410]to the city, with Achaeans beaten."
Dolon, son of Eumedes, answered Odysseus:
"I'll answer you in this quite truthfully.Right now Hector is with his advisors,holding a council meeting by the tombof godlike Ilus, some distance from the noise.As for the guards you asked about, noble sir,there's nothing special to protect the troops,or keep lookout. By all Trojan watch fires,as necessity requires, there are men 500who stay awake, calling to each other,to keep up their guard. But the allied force, [420]which comes from many lands, is sleeping.They leave it to Trojans to stay on watch,for their wives and children aren't close by."
Crafty Odysseus, with a smile, then asked Dolon:
"Now, those allies—are they intermingledwith horse-taming Trojans where they sleepor separate from them? Tell me. I need to know[H3] ."
Dolon, son of Eumedes, answered Odysseus: 510
"I can reveal the truth of this as well.By the sea lie Carians, Paeonians,with their curved bows, Lelegians, Caucones,god-like Pelasgians. Around Thymbreare positioned Lycians, Mysians, [430]impetuous fighters, and Phrygians,who fight on horseback, and from Maeoniathere are charioteers. But why ask me detailsof these matters? If you're keen to infiltratethe Trojan army, over there are Thracians, 520fresh troops, new arrivals, furthest distantfrom the rest, among them their king Rhesus,son of Eioneus. His horses are the best,the finest and largest ones I've ever seen,whiter than snow, as fast as the winds.His chariot is finely built—with goldand silver. He came here with his armour—an amazing sight—huge and made of gold.It's not appropriate for mortal men [440]to wear such armour, only deathless gods. 530But take me now to your fast ships, or elsetie me up, leave me here in painful fetters,so you can go and check my story out,see whether I have told the truth or not."
Mighty Diomedes scowled at Dolon and said:
"Don't fill your heart with thoughts you'll get away,Dolon, even though your news is good.You've fallen in our hands. Now, if wereleased you or set you free for ransom,you'd come back to the swift Achaean ships, 540 [450]either to spy or fight us openly.But if my hands subdue you and you die,you'll pose no problems for the Argives later[H4] ."
As Diomedes finished, Dolon was intendingto cup his chin with his strong hand in supplication.But with his sword Diomedes jumped at him,slashed him across the middle of his neck, slicingthrough both tendons. Dolon's head rolled in the dust,as he was speaking. They stripped the cap of marten skin,then took the wolf hide, long spear, and his curved bow[H5] . 550Lord Odysseus held these objects high above him [460]for Athena, goddess of battle spoils, and prayed:

Explain Diomedes’ actions in this scene. Are they heroic? Defend or refute them.

"There's our man, 570Diomedes. And these are the horseswhich Dolon told us of, the man we killed.Come, now, let's see that mighty strength of yours.It's not right for you to stand there idly [480]with your weapons. So loose those horses.Or else kill the men, while I take care of them."
Odysseus spoke. Athena with her glittering eyesbreathed fighting power into Diomedes.Moving around everywhere, he began the killing.Agonizing groans came from those his sword then butchered. 580The earth grew soggy with their blood. Just as a lioncomes across an unguarded flock of sheep or goatsand leaps on them, heart thirsting for the kill,so Tydeus' son went at those Thracian soldiers,until he'd slaughtered twelve[H6] . Whenever Diomedesstood over some man he'd just killed with his sword,crafty Odysseus, from behind, would grab his feet [490]and drag the body clear. For his mind was planninghow he might steal the fine-maned horses easily,if he didn't frighten them by forcing them to step 590on dead men's bodies, for they were not used to that.Tydeus' son came across the king, the thirteenth manwhose sweet life he had taken. Rhesus lay there,in his last gasp. A bad dream had stood beside his headthat night, a device sent by Athena—and that dreamwas the son of Tydeus[H7] . Meanwhile, bold Odysseusuntied the sure-footed horses, roped them together,and drove them from the camp, prodding with his bow,for he'd forgotten to pick up the shining whip [500]from the ornate chariot. Then he gave a whistle, 600to signal noble Diomedes. But he just stayed there,wondering how he could do something really bold.Should he take away the chariot, which containedthe king's finely decorated armour, pull itby the pole, or lift it up above his headand carry it like that? Or should he take the livesof still more Thracians? While Diomedes turned overthese matters in his mind, Athena came, stood by him,then said to noble Diomedes:
"Think of going back,to the hollow ships, son of great-hearted Tydeus, 610 in case you get driven there in quick retreat, [510]if some other god wakes up the Trojans."