Thursday, June 11, 2009
Thursday, June 4, 2009
The Iliad-book 24
The students are to complete the following assignment for HW:
The Iliad-book 24 “Achilles and Priam”-20pts
Explain Achilles’ daily routine. Why is he doing this?
What is happening to Hector’s corpse?
Once the funeral gathering broke up, the men dispersed,each one going to his own ship, concerned to eatand then enjoy sweet sleep. But Achilles kept on weeping,remembering his dear companion. All-conquering Sleepcould not overcome him, as he tossed and turned,longing for manly, courageous, strong Patroclus,thinking of all he'd done with him, all the painthey'd suffered, as they'd gone through wars with other menand with the perilous sea. As he kept remembering,he cried heavy tears, sometimes lying on his side, 10sometimes on his back or on his face. Then he'd get up, [10]to wander in distress, back and forth along the shore.He'd see Dawn's approach across the sea and beaches,then he'd harness his fast horses to their chariot,tie on Hector and drag him behind, drivingthree times around the tomb of Menoetius' dead son.Then in his hut he'd rest again, leaving Hectorstretched out, face down in the dust. But Apollo,feeling pity for Hector, though he was dead,guarded his skin from any lacerations, 20 covering his whole body with the golden aegis, [20]so as Achilles dragged him, he did not tear his skin.
How does Achilles show growth in this scene? What does he display in this scene that he has not displayed throughout the entire story? Has he changed completely? Explain. What agreement is reached?
He came up to Achilles, then with his fingersclasped his knees and kissed his hands, those dreadful hands,man-killers, which had slain so many of his sons.Just as sheer folly grips a man who in his own land 590 [480]kills someone, then runs off to a land of strangers,to the home of some rich man, so those who see himare seized with wonder—that's how Achilles thenlooked on godlike Priam in astonishment.The others were amazed. They gazed at one another.Then Priam made his plea, entreating:
"Godlike Achilles,remember your own father, who's as old as me,on the painful threshold of old age.It may well be that those who live around himare harassing him, and no one's there 600to save him from ruin and destruction.But when he hears you're still alive, [490]his heart feels joy, for every day he hopeshe'll see his dear son come back home from Troy.But I'm completely doomed to misery—I fathered the best sons in spacious Troy,yet I say now not one of them remains.I had fifty when Achaea's sons arrived—nineteen born from the same mother's womb,others the women of the palace bore me. 610Angry Ares drained the life of most of them.But I had one left, guardian of our city,protector of its people. You've just killed him,as he was fighting for his native country. [500]I mean Hector. For his sake I've come here,to Achaea's ships, to win him back from you.And I've brought a ransom beyond counting.So Achilles, show deference to the godsand pity for myself, rememberingyour own father. Of the two old men, 620I'm more pitiful, because I have enduredwhat no living mortal on this earth has borne—I've lifted up to my own lips and kissed the hands of the man who killed my son."
Priam finished. His words roused in Achillesa desire to weep for his own father. Taking Priam's hand,he gently moved him back. So the two men thereboth remembered warriors who'd been slaughtered.Priam, lying at Achilles' feet, wept aloud [510]for man-killing Hector, and Achilles also wept 630for his own father and once more for Patroclus.The sound of their lamenting filled the house.
When godlike Achilles had had enough of weeping,when the need to mourn had left his heart and limbs,he stood up quickly from his seat, then with his handhelped the old man to his feet, feeling pityfor that gray head and beard. Then Achilles spoke—his words had wings:
"You unhappy man,your heart's had to endure so many evils.How could you dare come to Achaea's ships, 640and come alone, to rest your eyes on me, [520]when I've killed so many noble sons of yours?You must have a heart of iron. But come now,sit on this chair. Though we're both feeling pain,we'll let our grief lie quiet on our hearts.For there's no benefit in frigid tears.That's the way the gods have spun the threadsfor wretched mortal men, so they live in pain,though gods themselves live on without a care.
Old godlike Priam then answered Achilles:
"Don't make me sit down on a chair, my lord,while Hector lies uncared for in your huts.But quickly give him back, so my own eyescan see him. And take the enormous ransomwe've brought here for you. May it give you joy. 690 And may you get back to your native land,since you've now let me live to see the sunlight."
With an angry look, swift-footed Achilles snapped at Priam:
"Old man, don't provoke me. I myself intend [560]to give you Hector. Zeus sent me herea messenger, the mother who bore me,daughter of the Old Man of the Sea.And in my heart, Priam, I recognize—it's no secret to me—that some godled you here to the swift Achaean ships. 700No matter how young and strong, no living manwould dare to make the trip to our encampment.He could not evade the sentries or push backour door bolts—that would not be easy.So don't agitate my grieving heart still more,or I might not spare even you, old man,though you're a suppliant here in my hut. [570]I could transgress what Zeus has ordered."
Achilles spoke. The old man, afraid, obeyed him.Then Peleus' son sprang to the door, like a lion. 710Not alone—his two attendants went out with him,warrior Automedon and Alcimus, whom he honouredthe most of his companions after dead Patroclus.They freed the mules and horses from their harnesses,led in the herald, the old man's crier, sat him on a stool.Then from the polished wagon they brought inthat priceless ransom for Hector's head, leaving theretwo cloaks and a thickly woven tunic, so Achilles [580]could wrap up the corpse before he gave it backfor Priam to take home. Achilles then called out, 720ordering his servant women to wash the body,and then anoint it, after moving it away,so Priam wouldn't see his son, then, heart-stricken, be unable to contain his anger at the sight.Achilles' own spirit might then get so arousedhe could kill Priam, disobeying Zeus' orders.Servants washed the corpse, anointed it with oil,and put a lovely cloak and tunic round it.Achilles himself lifted it and placed it on a bier.Then together he and his companions set it 730 [590]on the polished wagon. Achilles, with a groan,called to his dear companion:
"O Patroclus,don't be angry with me, if you learn,even in Hades' house, that I gave backgodlike Hector to his dear father.He's brought to me a fitting ransom.I'll be giving you your full share of it,as is appropriate."
Godlike Achilles spoke,then went back once more into the hut and saton the richly decorated chair he'd left 740by the opposite wall. Then he spoke to Priam:
"Old man, your son has been given back,as you requested. He's lying on a bier. [600]You'll see him for yourself at day break,when you take him. We should think of eating.But come, royal old man, let's think of food.Later you can lament for your dear son,when you have taken him to Ilion, [620]where you'll shed many tears for him." 770
Old godlike Priamthen said in answer to Achilles:
"If you're willing [660]for me to give lord Hector a full burial, then, Achilles, as a personal favour,there is something you could do for me.You know how we're restricted to our city.It's a long way to the mountains to get wood.Besides, the Trojans are especially fearful.We'll mourn Hector for nine days in our home. 820On the tenth day we'll have his funeral.Then there'll be a banquet for the people.On the eleventh, we'll make his burial mound.The twelfth day, if we must, we'll go to war."
Swift-footed Achilles then said to Priam:
"All right, old Priam, things will be arrangedas you request. I'll suspend the fighting [670]for the length of time you've asked for."
Why does the story end with this scene? Is this appropriate? Explain. Who is the hero of the story?
Andromache said this in tears. The women all wailed with her. 920Then Hecuba took her turn in leading their laments:
"Hector, dearest by far of all my children,loved by the gods, as well, when you were living.Now, at your death, they still take care of you. [750]When swift Achilles took my other sons,he'd ship them off across the boundless seas,to Samos, Imbros, or foggy Lemnos.When his long-edged bronze took away your life,he dragged you many times around the moundfor his comrade Patroclus, whom you killed. 930Yet even so, he could not revive him.Now you lie here in our house, fresh as dew,like someone whom Apollo of the silver bowhas just come to and killed with gentle arrows."
As she spoke, Hecuba wept. She stirred them on [760]to endless lamentation. Helen was the thirdto lead those women in their wailing:
"Hector—of all my husband's brothers,you're by far the dearest to my heart.My husband's godlike Alexander, 940who brought me here to Troy. I wish I'd diedbefore that happened! This is the twentieth yearsince I went away and left my native land,but I've never heard a nasty word from youor an abusive speech. In fact, if anyoneever spoke rudely to me in the house—one of your brothers or sisters, some brother's well-dressed wife, or your mother—for your father [770]always was so kind, as if he were my own—you'd speak out, persuading them to stop, 950using your gentleness, your soothing words.Now I weep for you and for my wretched self,so sick at heart, for there's no one elsein spacious Troy who's kind to me and friendly.They all look at me and shudder with disgust."
Helen spoke in tears. The huge crowd joined in their lament.Then old Priam addressed his people:
"You Trojans,you must fetch some wood here to the city.Don't let your hearts fear any ambush,some crafty Achaean trick. For Achilles, 960when he sent me back from the hollow ships, [780]gave me his word they'd not harm usuntil the twelfth day dawns."
Priam finished.The people hitched up mules and oxen to their wagonsand then gathered before the city with all speed.For nine days they brought in wood, an immense amount.When the tenth dawn came, they brought brave Hector out,then, all in tears, laid his corpse on top the funeral pyre.They set it alight. When rose-fingered Dawn came up,they gathered around that pyre of glorious Hector. 970Once they'd all assembled there together, [790]first they doused the pyre with gleaming wine, every partthat fire's strength had touched. His brothers and comradescollected Hector's ash-white bones, as they mourned him—heavy tears running down their cheeks—and placed themin a golden urn, wrapped in soft purple cloth.They quickly set the urn down in a shallow grave,covered it with large stones set close together,then hurried to pile up the mound, posting sentrieson every side, in case well-armed Achaeans 980attacked too soon. Once they'd piled up the mound,they went back in, gathered together for a splendid feast,all in due order, in Priam's house, king raised by Zeus.And thus they buried Hector, tamer of horses.
The Iliad-book 24 “Achilles and Priam”-20pts
Explain Achilles’ daily routine. Why is he doing this?
What is happening to Hector’s corpse?
Once the funeral gathering broke up, the men dispersed,each one going to his own ship, concerned to eatand then enjoy sweet sleep. But Achilles kept on weeping,remembering his dear companion. All-conquering Sleepcould not overcome him, as he tossed and turned,longing for manly, courageous, strong Patroclus,thinking of all he'd done with him, all the painthey'd suffered, as they'd gone through wars with other menand with the perilous sea. As he kept remembering,he cried heavy tears, sometimes lying on his side, 10sometimes on his back or on his face. Then he'd get up, [10]to wander in distress, back and forth along the shore.He'd see Dawn's approach across the sea and beaches,then he'd harness his fast horses to their chariot,tie on Hector and drag him behind, drivingthree times around the tomb of Menoetius' dead son.Then in his hut he'd rest again, leaving Hectorstretched out, face down in the dust. But Apollo,feeling pity for Hector, though he was dead,guarded his skin from any lacerations, 20 covering his whole body with the golden aegis, [20]so as Achilles dragged him, he did not tear his skin.
How does Achilles show growth in this scene? What does he display in this scene that he has not displayed throughout the entire story? Has he changed completely? Explain. What agreement is reached?
He came up to Achilles, then with his fingersclasped his knees and kissed his hands, those dreadful hands,man-killers, which had slain so many of his sons.Just as sheer folly grips a man who in his own land 590 [480]kills someone, then runs off to a land of strangers,to the home of some rich man, so those who see himare seized with wonder—that's how Achilles thenlooked on godlike Priam in astonishment.The others were amazed. They gazed at one another.Then Priam made his plea, entreating:
"Godlike Achilles,remember your own father, who's as old as me,on the painful threshold of old age.It may well be that those who live around himare harassing him, and no one's there 600to save him from ruin and destruction.But when he hears you're still alive, [490]his heart feels joy, for every day he hopeshe'll see his dear son come back home from Troy.But I'm completely doomed to misery—I fathered the best sons in spacious Troy,yet I say now not one of them remains.I had fifty when Achaea's sons arrived—nineteen born from the same mother's womb,others the women of the palace bore me. 610Angry Ares drained the life of most of them.But I had one left, guardian of our city,protector of its people. You've just killed him,as he was fighting for his native country. [500]I mean Hector. For his sake I've come here,to Achaea's ships, to win him back from you.And I've brought a ransom beyond counting.So Achilles, show deference to the godsand pity for myself, rememberingyour own father. Of the two old men, 620I'm more pitiful, because I have enduredwhat no living mortal on this earth has borne—I've lifted up to my own lips and kissed the hands of the man who killed my son."
Priam finished. His words roused in Achillesa desire to weep for his own father. Taking Priam's hand,he gently moved him back. So the two men thereboth remembered warriors who'd been slaughtered.Priam, lying at Achilles' feet, wept aloud [510]for man-killing Hector, and Achilles also wept 630for his own father and once more for Patroclus.The sound of their lamenting filled the house.
When godlike Achilles had had enough of weeping,when the need to mourn had left his heart and limbs,he stood up quickly from his seat, then with his handhelped the old man to his feet, feeling pityfor that gray head and beard. Then Achilles spoke—his words had wings:
"You unhappy man,your heart's had to endure so many evils.How could you dare come to Achaea's ships, 640and come alone, to rest your eyes on me, [520]when I've killed so many noble sons of yours?You must have a heart of iron. But come now,sit on this chair. Though we're both feeling pain,we'll let our grief lie quiet on our hearts.For there's no benefit in frigid tears.That's the way the gods have spun the threadsfor wretched mortal men, so they live in pain,though gods themselves live on without a care.
Old godlike Priam then answered Achilles:
"Don't make me sit down on a chair, my lord,while Hector lies uncared for in your huts.But quickly give him back, so my own eyescan see him. And take the enormous ransomwe've brought here for you. May it give you joy. 690 And may you get back to your native land,since you've now let me live to see the sunlight."
With an angry look, swift-footed Achilles snapped at Priam:
"Old man, don't provoke me. I myself intend [560]to give you Hector. Zeus sent me herea messenger, the mother who bore me,daughter of the Old Man of the Sea.And in my heart, Priam, I recognize—it's no secret to me—that some godled you here to the swift Achaean ships. 700No matter how young and strong, no living manwould dare to make the trip to our encampment.He could not evade the sentries or push backour door bolts—that would not be easy.So don't agitate my grieving heart still more,or I might not spare even you, old man,though you're a suppliant here in my hut. [570]I could transgress what Zeus has ordered."
Achilles spoke. The old man, afraid, obeyed him.Then Peleus' son sprang to the door, like a lion. 710Not alone—his two attendants went out with him,warrior Automedon and Alcimus, whom he honouredthe most of his companions after dead Patroclus.They freed the mules and horses from their harnesses,led in the herald, the old man's crier, sat him on a stool.Then from the polished wagon they brought inthat priceless ransom for Hector's head, leaving theretwo cloaks and a thickly woven tunic, so Achilles [580]could wrap up the corpse before he gave it backfor Priam to take home. Achilles then called out, 720ordering his servant women to wash the body,and then anoint it, after moving it away,so Priam wouldn't see his son, then, heart-stricken, be unable to contain his anger at the sight.Achilles' own spirit might then get so arousedhe could kill Priam, disobeying Zeus' orders.Servants washed the corpse, anointed it with oil,and put a lovely cloak and tunic round it.Achilles himself lifted it and placed it on a bier.Then together he and his companions set it 730 [590]on the polished wagon. Achilles, with a groan,called to his dear companion:
"O Patroclus,don't be angry with me, if you learn,even in Hades' house, that I gave backgodlike Hector to his dear father.He's brought to me a fitting ransom.I'll be giving you your full share of it,as is appropriate."
Godlike Achilles spoke,then went back once more into the hut and saton the richly decorated chair he'd left 740by the opposite wall. Then he spoke to Priam:
"Old man, your son has been given back,as you requested. He's lying on a bier. [600]You'll see him for yourself at day break,when you take him. We should think of eating.But come, royal old man, let's think of food.Later you can lament for your dear son,when you have taken him to Ilion, [620]where you'll shed many tears for him." 770
Old godlike Priamthen said in answer to Achilles:
"If you're willing [660]for me to give lord Hector a full burial, then, Achilles, as a personal favour,there is something you could do for me.You know how we're restricted to our city.It's a long way to the mountains to get wood.Besides, the Trojans are especially fearful.We'll mourn Hector for nine days in our home. 820On the tenth day we'll have his funeral.Then there'll be a banquet for the people.On the eleventh, we'll make his burial mound.The twelfth day, if we must, we'll go to war."
Swift-footed Achilles then said to Priam:
"All right, old Priam, things will be arrangedas you request. I'll suspend the fighting [670]for the length of time you've asked for."
Why does the story end with this scene? Is this appropriate? Explain. Who is the hero of the story?
Andromache said this in tears. The women all wailed with her. 920Then Hecuba took her turn in leading their laments:
"Hector, dearest by far of all my children,loved by the gods, as well, when you were living.Now, at your death, they still take care of you. [750]When swift Achilles took my other sons,he'd ship them off across the boundless seas,to Samos, Imbros, or foggy Lemnos.When his long-edged bronze took away your life,he dragged you many times around the moundfor his comrade Patroclus, whom you killed. 930Yet even so, he could not revive him.Now you lie here in our house, fresh as dew,like someone whom Apollo of the silver bowhas just come to and killed with gentle arrows."
As she spoke, Hecuba wept. She stirred them on [760]to endless lamentation. Helen was the thirdto lead those women in their wailing:
"Hector—of all my husband's brothers,you're by far the dearest to my heart.My husband's godlike Alexander, 940who brought me here to Troy. I wish I'd diedbefore that happened! This is the twentieth yearsince I went away and left my native land,but I've never heard a nasty word from youor an abusive speech. In fact, if anyoneever spoke rudely to me in the house—one of your brothers or sisters, some brother's well-dressed wife, or your mother—for your father [770]always was so kind, as if he were my own—you'd speak out, persuading them to stop, 950using your gentleness, your soothing words.Now I weep for you and for my wretched self,so sick at heart, for there's no one elsein spacious Troy who's kind to me and friendly.They all look at me and shudder with disgust."
Helen spoke in tears. The huge crowd joined in their lament.Then old Priam addressed his people:
"You Trojans,you must fetch some wood here to the city.Don't let your hearts fear any ambush,some crafty Achaean trick. For Achilles, 960when he sent me back from the hollow ships, [780]gave me his word they'd not harm usuntil the twelfth day dawns."
Priam finished.The people hitched up mules and oxen to their wagonsand then gathered before the city with all speed.For nine days they brought in wood, an immense amount.When the tenth dawn came, they brought brave Hector out,then, all in tears, laid his corpse on top the funeral pyre.They set it alight. When rose-fingered Dawn came up,they gathered around that pyre of glorious Hector. 970Once they'd all assembled there together, [790]first they doused the pyre with gleaming wine, every partthat fire's strength had touched. His brothers and comradescollected Hector's ash-white bones, as they mourned him—heavy tears running down their cheeks—and placed themin a golden urn, wrapped in soft purple cloth.They quickly set the urn down in a shallow grave,covered it with large stones set close together,then hurried to pile up the mound, posting sentrieson every side, in case well-armed Achaeans 980attacked too soon. Once they'd piled up the mound,they went back in, gathered together for a splendid feast,all in due order, in Priam's house, king raised by Zeus.And thus they buried Hector, tamer of horses.
Wednesday, June 3, 2009
The Iliad-book 22
The following is due for HW tomorrow:
The Iliad-Book 22 “The Death of Hector”-20pts
What do Priam and Hector’s mother want from him? Considering the expectations of a warrior, what does this say about Achilles?
Meanwhile, old Priamwas the first to catch sight of Achilles, as he dashedacross the plain, blazing like that star which comesat harvest time— its light shines out more brightlythan any of the countless lights in night's dark sky.
With a cry, old man Priamstruck his head with his hand, then, reaching up,with many groans, he called out, pleading with his son,who was still standing there before the gates,firmly resolved to fight Achilles. The old man,hands outstretched, appealed to Hector's sense of pity:
"Hector, my dear son, don't stand out there alone,facing that man with no one else to help you,or you will quickly meet your death, slaughteredby Peleus' son, who's much more powerful. 50 [40]Don't be obstinate. If only the godswould love Achilles just as much as I do,then dogs and vultures would soon gnaw at himas he lay there. And then my heart might shedits dreadful sorrow, for he's taken from memany valiant sons. Some he's butchered.Others he's sold in islands far away.Right now, I can't see two of my young sons,Polydorus and Lycaon, among thosewho've gathered with the Trojans in the city, 60both delivered to me from Laothoe,queen among women.
Come here, my child,inside the walls, so you can help to saveTrojan men and women. Don't give that man,that son of Peleus, great glory. He'll takeyour own dear life. Have pity on me, too.Though full of misery, I still can feel.Father Zeus will kill me with a cruel fate [60]on the threshold of old age, once I've seenso many dreadful things—my sons slaughtered,my daughters hauled away, their houses ransacked, 80their little children tossed down on the groundin this murderous war, my daughters-in-lawled off captive in hard Achaean hands.In the end, I'll be ripped by ravenous dogs,in front of my own doors when some man strikes mewith his sharp bronze or throws his spear in me,robbing my limbs of life—the same dogs I raised,at home beside my table to guard the doors.They'll drink my blood, then lie there at the gates, [70]their hearts gone mad. When a young man dies in war, 90 lying there murdered by sharp bronze, that's all right.Though dead, he shows us his nobility.But when the dogs disfigure shamefullyan old man, chewing his gray head, his beard, his sexual organs, that's the saddest thing we wretched mortals see."
As the old man spoke, his hands tugged his gray hair and pulled it from his head. But he could not sway Hector's heart. Beside Priam, Hector's mother wept. Then she undid her robe, and with her hands pushed out her breasts, shedding tears. 100 [80]She cried out, calling him—her words had wings::
"Hector, my child, respect and pity me.If I ever gave these breasts to soothe you,remember that, dear child. Protect yourselfagainst your enemy inside these walls.Don't stand out there to face him. Stubborn man,if he kills you, I'll never lay you outon your death bed or mourn for you, my child,my dearest offspring—nor will your fair wife.Far away from us, beside Achaean ships, 110their swift dogs will devour you."
Does Hector fail as a hero in this scene? How does he not live up to the heroic ideal?
Achilles was coming closer, like Enyalius,the warrior god of battle with the shining helmet.On his right shoulder he waved his dreadful spearmade of Pelian ash. The bronze around him glitteredlike a blazing fire or rising sun. At that moment, 170as he watched, Hector began to shake in fear. His courage gone, he could no longer stand there.Terrified, he started running, leaving the gate.Peleus' son went after him, sure of his speed on foot.
Hector ran 180under the walls of Troy, limbs working feverishly. They ran on past the lookout and the wind-swept fig tree,some distance from the wall, along the wagon track.Then they reached the two fair-flowing well springs,which feed swirling Scamander's stream.
They ran fast,for this was no contest over sacrificial beasts,the usual prizes for a race. They were competing [160]for horse-taming Hector's life.
that's how these two men raced,going three times round Priam's city on their sprinting feet.
Examine the dialogue between Hector and Achilles. Is Achilles being unreasonable? Explain. Is this a fair fight? Explain.
Athena left him. 280She came to Hector in the form of Deïphobus, with his tireless voice and shape. Standing beside him,she spoke—her words had wings:
"My brother,swift Achilles is really harassing you,with his fast running around Priam's city [230]in this pursuit. Come, we'll both stand here,stay put, and beat off his attack."
Then Hector of the shining helmet answered her:
"Deïphobus, in the past you've always beenthe brother I loved the most by far 290of children born to Hecuba and Priam. I think I now respect you even more,since you have dared to come outside the wall,to help me, when you saw me in distress,while others all remained inside."
With these words, Athena seduced him forward.When they'd approached each other, at close quarters,great Hector of the shining helmet spoke out first:
"I'll no longer try to run away from you, [250]son of Peleus, as I did before, going 310three times in flight around Priam's great city. I lacked the courage then to fight with you,as you attacked. But my heart prompts me nowto stand against you face to face once more,whether I kill you, or you kill me.So come here. Let's call on gods to witness,for they're the best ones to observe our pact,to supervise what we two agree on.If Zeus grants me the strength to take your life,I'll not abuse your corpse in any way. 320 I'll strip your celebrated armour off, Achilles, then give the body back againto the Achaeans. And you'll do the same."
Swift-footed Achilles, with a scowl, replied: [260]
"Hector, don't talk to me of our agreements.That's idiotic, like a faithful promisebetween men and lions. Wolves and lambsdon't share a common heart—they always sensea mutual hatred for each other.In just that way, it's not possible for us, 330for you and me, to be friends, or, indeed, for there to be sworn oaths between us,till one or other of us falls, glutting Ares,warrior with the bull's hide shield, on blood.You'd best remember all your fighting skills.Now you must declare yourself a spearman,a fearless warrior. You've got no escape. [270]Soon Pallas Athena will destroy youon my spear. Right now you'll pay me back,the full price of those sorrows I went through 340when you slaughtered my companions."
With these words, Hector balanced his long-shadowed spear,then threw it. It struck the shield of Peleus' son, [290]right in the centre. That spear didn't miss its mark.But it bounced some distance off the shield. Hector,angry that the spear had flown from his hand and missed,stood dismayed, for he had no substitute ash spear.So he shouted out, calling to Deïphobus,who carried a white shield, asking him with a yell 370 to pass him his long spear. But Deïphobuswas nowhere to be seen. Then Hector in his heartsaw everything so clearly—he said:
"This is it, then.The gods are summoning me to my death.I thought warrior Deïphobus was close by.But he's inside the walls, and Athenahas deceived me.
As Hector charged, noble Achilles struck him there, 410 driving the spear point through his tender neck.But the heavy bronze on that ash spear did not cuthis windpipe, so he could still address Achillesand reply to him. Hector fell down in the dust. [330]Lord Achilles then cried out in triumph:
"Hector,I suppose you thought you could safely stripPatroclus, without giving me a thought,since I was far away. That was foolish!By our hollow ships he'd left me behind,a much greater man, to take out my revenge. 420I've drained strength from your limbs—now dogs and birdswill tear you into miserable pieces, while Achaeans are burying Patroclus."
His strength fading, Hector of the shining helmetanswered Achilles:
"By your life, I beg you,by your knees, your parents—don't let dogs eat meby Achaean ships. No, you should accept [340]all the bronze and gold you want,gifts my father and lady mother give you,if you'll send my body home again, 430so Trojans and Trojans' wives can bury me,with all the necessary funeral rites."
Scowling at Hector, swift-footed Achilles then replied:
"Don't whine to me, you dog, about my kneesor parents. I wish I had the heart and strengthto carve you up and eat you raw myselffor what you've done to me. So there's no onewho'll keep the dogs from going at your head,not even if they bring here and weigh outa ransom ten or twenty times as much, 440with promises of more, or if Priam, [350]son of Dardanus, says he'll pay your weightin gold. Not even then will your motherset you on a funeral bed and there lamentthe son she bore. Instead, the dogs and birdswill eat you up completely."
Then, as he died,Hector of the shining helmet said to Achilles:
"I know you well. I recognize in youwhat I expected—you'd not be convinced.For your heart and mind are truly iron. 450 But think of this—I may bring down on youthe anger of the gods that very daywhen Paris and Phoebus Apollo,in spite of all your courage, slaughter you [360]at the Scaean Gate."
As Hector spoke,death's final end slid over him. His life slipped out,flying off to Hades, mourning his fate to have to leavesuch youthful manliness. Over dead Hector,godlike Achilles then cried out:
"Die there.As for my own death, I accept it 460whenever Zeus and the immortal godssee fit to bring it to me"
Why is it not over when Hector is dead? Why doesn’t Achilles’ anger cease?
Saying this,He pulled his bronze spear from the corpse, set it aside, and stripped the blood-stained armour from the shoulders. Then the rest of Achaea's sons came running up.They gazed at Hector's stature, his handsome body. [370]All the men who came up to the corpse stabbed it,looking at each other, saying:
"Look here, it's easier for us to deal with Hector now than when his fire burned our ships."
Achilles finished. Then on noble Hector's corpsehe carried out a monstrous act. He cut throughthe tendons behind both feet, from heel to ankle,threaded them with ox-hide thongs, and then tied theseonto his chariot, leaving the head to drag behind.He climbed up in his chariot, brought on the splendid armour,then lashed his horses. They sped off eagerly, 500 [400]dragging Hector.
The Iliad-Book 22 “The Death of Hector”-20pts
What do Priam and Hector’s mother want from him? Considering the expectations of a warrior, what does this say about Achilles?
Meanwhile, old Priamwas the first to catch sight of Achilles, as he dashedacross the plain, blazing like that star which comesat harvest time— its light shines out more brightlythan any of the countless lights in night's dark sky.
With a cry, old man Priamstruck his head with his hand, then, reaching up,with many groans, he called out, pleading with his son,who was still standing there before the gates,firmly resolved to fight Achilles. The old man,hands outstretched, appealed to Hector's sense of pity:
"Hector, my dear son, don't stand out there alone,facing that man with no one else to help you,or you will quickly meet your death, slaughteredby Peleus' son, who's much more powerful. 50 [40]Don't be obstinate. If only the godswould love Achilles just as much as I do,then dogs and vultures would soon gnaw at himas he lay there. And then my heart might shedits dreadful sorrow, for he's taken from memany valiant sons. Some he's butchered.Others he's sold in islands far away.Right now, I can't see two of my young sons,Polydorus and Lycaon, among thosewho've gathered with the Trojans in the city, 60both delivered to me from Laothoe,queen among women.
Come here, my child,inside the walls, so you can help to saveTrojan men and women. Don't give that man,that son of Peleus, great glory. He'll takeyour own dear life. Have pity on me, too.Though full of misery, I still can feel.Father Zeus will kill me with a cruel fate [60]on the threshold of old age, once I've seenso many dreadful things—my sons slaughtered,my daughters hauled away, their houses ransacked, 80their little children tossed down on the groundin this murderous war, my daughters-in-lawled off captive in hard Achaean hands.In the end, I'll be ripped by ravenous dogs,in front of my own doors when some man strikes mewith his sharp bronze or throws his spear in me,robbing my limbs of life—the same dogs I raised,at home beside my table to guard the doors.They'll drink my blood, then lie there at the gates, [70]their hearts gone mad. When a young man dies in war, 90 lying there murdered by sharp bronze, that's all right.Though dead, he shows us his nobility.But when the dogs disfigure shamefullyan old man, chewing his gray head, his beard, his sexual organs, that's the saddest thing we wretched mortals see."
As the old man spoke, his hands tugged his gray hair and pulled it from his head. But he could not sway Hector's heart. Beside Priam, Hector's mother wept. Then she undid her robe, and with her hands pushed out her breasts, shedding tears. 100 [80]She cried out, calling him—her words had wings::
"Hector, my child, respect and pity me.If I ever gave these breasts to soothe you,remember that, dear child. Protect yourselfagainst your enemy inside these walls.Don't stand out there to face him. Stubborn man,if he kills you, I'll never lay you outon your death bed or mourn for you, my child,my dearest offspring—nor will your fair wife.Far away from us, beside Achaean ships, 110their swift dogs will devour you."
Does Hector fail as a hero in this scene? How does he not live up to the heroic ideal?
Achilles was coming closer, like Enyalius,the warrior god of battle with the shining helmet.On his right shoulder he waved his dreadful spearmade of Pelian ash. The bronze around him glitteredlike a blazing fire or rising sun. At that moment, 170as he watched, Hector began to shake in fear. His courage gone, he could no longer stand there.Terrified, he started running, leaving the gate.Peleus' son went after him, sure of his speed on foot.
Hector ran 180under the walls of Troy, limbs working feverishly. They ran on past the lookout and the wind-swept fig tree,some distance from the wall, along the wagon track.Then they reached the two fair-flowing well springs,which feed swirling Scamander's stream.
They ran fast,for this was no contest over sacrificial beasts,the usual prizes for a race. They were competing [160]for horse-taming Hector's life.
that's how these two men raced,going three times round Priam's city on their sprinting feet.
Examine the dialogue between Hector and Achilles. Is Achilles being unreasonable? Explain. Is this a fair fight? Explain.
Athena left him. 280She came to Hector in the form of Deïphobus, with his tireless voice and shape. Standing beside him,she spoke—her words had wings:
"My brother,swift Achilles is really harassing you,with his fast running around Priam's city [230]in this pursuit. Come, we'll both stand here,stay put, and beat off his attack."
Then Hector of the shining helmet answered her:
"Deïphobus, in the past you've always beenthe brother I loved the most by far 290of children born to Hecuba and Priam. I think I now respect you even more,since you have dared to come outside the wall,to help me, when you saw me in distress,while others all remained inside."
With these words, Athena seduced him forward.When they'd approached each other, at close quarters,great Hector of the shining helmet spoke out first:
"I'll no longer try to run away from you, [250]son of Peleus, as I did before, going 310three times in flight around Priam's great city. I lacked the courage then to fight with you,as you attacked. But my heart prompts me nowto stand against you face to face once more,whether I kill you, or you kill me.So come here. Let's call on gods to witness,for they're the best ones to observe our pact,to supervise what we two agree on.If Zeus grants me the strength to take your life,I'll not abuse your corpse in any way. 320 I'll strip your celebrated armour off, Achilles, then give the body back againto the Achaeans. And you'll do the same."
Swift-footed Achilles, with a scowl, replied: [260]
"Hector, don't talk to me of our agreements.That's idiotic, like a faithful promisebetween men and lions. Wolves and lambsdon't share a common heart—they always sensea mutual hatred for each other.In just that way, it's not possible for us, 330for you and me, to be friends, or, indeed, for there to be sworn oaths between us,till one or other of us falls, glutting Ares,warrior with the bull's hide shield, on blood.You'd best remember all your fighting skills.Now you must declare yourself a spearman,a fearless warrior. You've got no escape. [270]Soon Pallas Athena will destroy youon my spear. Right now you'll pay me back,the full price of those sorrows I went through 340when you slaughtered my companions."
With these words, Hector balanced his long-shadowed spear,then threw it. It struck the shield of Peleus' son, [290]right in the centre. That spear didn't miss its mark.But it bounced some distance off the shield. Hector,angry that the spear had flown from his hand and missed,stood dismayed, for he had no substitute ash spear.So he shouted out, calling to Deïphobus,who carried a white shield, asking him with a yell 370 to pass him his long spear. But Deïphobuswas nowhere to be seen. Then Hector in his heartsaw everything so clearly—he said:
"This is it, then.The gods are summoning me to my death.I thought warrior Deïphobus was close by.But he's inside the walls, and Athenahas deceived me.
As Hector charged, noble Achilles struck him there, 410 driving the spear point through his tender neck.But the heavy bronze on that ash spear did not cuthis windpipe, so he could still address Achillesand reply to him. Hector fell down in the dust. [330]Lord Achilles then cried out in triumph:
"Hector,I suppose you thought you could safely stripPatroclus, without giving me a thought,since I was far away. That was foolish!By our hollow ships he'd left me behind,a much greater man, to take out my revenge. 420I've drained strength from your limbs—now dogs and birdswill tear you into miserable pieces, while Achaeans are burying Patroclus."
His strength fading, Hector of the shining helmetanswered Achilles:
"By your life, I beg you,by your knees, your parents—don't let dogs eat meby Achaean ships. No, you should accept [340]all the bronze and gold you want,gifts my father and lady mother give you,if you'll send my body home again, 430so Trojans and Trojans' wives can bury me,with all the necessary funeral rites."
Scowling at Hector, swift-footed Achilles then replied:
"Don't whine to me, you dog, about my kneesor parents. I wish I had the heart and strengthto carve you up and eat you raw myselffor what you've done to me. So there's no onewho'll keep the dogs from going at your head,not even if they bring here and weigh outa ransom ten or twenty times as much, 440with promises of more, or if Priam, [350]son of Dardanus, says he'll pay your weightin gold. Not even then will your motherset you on a funeral bed and there lamentthe son she bore. Instead, the dogs and birdswill eat you up completely."
Then, as he died,Hector of the shining helmet said to Achilles:
"I know you well. I recognize in youwhat I expected—you'd not be convinced.For your heart and mind are truly iron. 450 But think of this—I may bring down on youthe anger of the gods that very daywhen Paris and Phoebus Apollo,in spite of all your courage, slaughter you [360]at the Scaean Gate."
As Hector spoke,death's final end slid over him. His life slipped out,flying off to Hades, mourning his fate to have to leavesuch youthful manliness. Over dead Hector,godlike Achilles then cried out:
"Die there.As for my own death, I accept it 460whenever Zeus and the immortal godssee fit to bring it to me"
Why is it not over when Hector is dead? Why doesn’t Achilles’ anger cease?
Saying this,He pulled his bronze spear from the corpse, set it aside, and stripped the blood-stained armour from the shoulders. Then the rest of Achaea's sons came running up.They gazed at Hector's stature, his handsome body. [370]All the men who came up to the corpse stabbed it,looking at each other, saying:
"Look here, it's easier for us to deal with Hector now than when his fire burned our ships."
Achilles finished. Then on noble Hector's corpsehe carried out a monstrous act. He cut throughthe tendons behind both feet, from heel to ankle,threaded them with ox-hide thongs, and then tied theseonto his chariot, leaving the head to drag behind.He climbed up in his chariot, brought on the splendid armour,then lashed his horses. They sped off eagerly, 500 [400]dragging Hector.
The Iliad 18-20
We covered the following in class on Tuesday and Wednesday:
The Iliad-“The Arms of Achilles” Book 18-20pts
Write a reaction to Achilles’ behavior when he learns of Patroclus’ death. Where does he focus his rage? Is this appropriate? How important is the feud with Agamemnon?
"Son of warlike Peleus,you must hear this dreadful news—somethingI wish weren't so—Patroclus lies dead. [20]Men are fighting now around the body.He's stripped. Hector with his gleaming helmethas the armour."
Antilochus finished speaking.A black cloud of grief swallowed up Achilles.With both hands he scooped up soot and dust and poured iton his head, covering his handsome face with dirt,covering his sweet-smelling tunic with black ash. 30He lay sprawling—his mighty warrior's massive bodycollapsed and stretched out in the dust. With his hands,he tugged at his own hair, disfiguring himself.The women slaves acquired as battle trophiesby Achilles and Patroclus, hearts overwhelmed with anguish, began to scream aloud. They rushed outsideand beat their breasts around warlike Achilles. [30]Then all the women's legs gave way, and they fell down.Across from them, Antilochus lamented,eyes full of tears, as he held Achilles by the hand. 40 Achilles' noble heart moaned aloud. Antilochusfeared he might hurt himself or slit his throatwith his own sword. Achilles gave a huge cry of grief.His noble mother heard it from the ocean depthswhere she was sitting by her ancient father.She began to wail. Then around her gatheredall the divine daughters of Nereus deep in the sea—Glauce, Thaleia, Cymodoce, Nesaea,Speio, Thoe, ox-eyed Halië, Cymothoë, [40]Actaia, Limnoreia, Melite, Iaera, 50Amphithoe, Agave, Doto, Proto,Pherousa, Dynamene, Dexamene,Amphinome, Callianeira, Doris, Panope,lovely Galatea, Nemertes, Apseudes,Callianassa. Also there were Clymene,Ianeira, Ianassa, Maera, Orithyia,Amatheia with her lovely hair, and others,Nereus' daughters living in the ocean depths.They filled the glistening cave, beating their breasts. [50]
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"Yes, Mother,Olympian Zeus has indeed accomplishedwhat I asked. But what pleasure's there for me, [80]when Patroclus, my beloved companion,has been destroyed, the man I honouredas my equal, above all my comrades. 100I've lost him and the armour, which Hector took,once he'd killed him, that massive armour,so wonderful to look at, which the godsgave as a priceless gift to Peleuson that day they placed you in the bedof a mortal man. If only you had stayedamong the eternal maidens of the seaand Peleus had married a mortal wife.But now there'll be innumerable sorrowswaiting for your heart, once your child is killed. 110You won't be welcoming him back home again. [90]My own heart has no desire to live on,to continue living among men,unless Hector is hit by my spear first,losing his life and paying me compensationfor killing Menoetius' son, Patroclus."
Through her tears, Thetis then answered Achilles:
"My son, from what you've just been saying,you're fated to an early death, for your doomcomes quickly as soon as Hector dies." 120
Swift-footed Achilles answered her with passion:
"Then let me die, since I could not preventthe death of my companion.
How does Achilles turn the tide of battle without even fighting? What promise does he make to Patroclus?
He strode from the wall, then stood there by the ditch.But recalling what his mother said to him,he didn't mingle with Achaeans. As he stood there,he cried out. From far away, Pallas Athena 270added her voice, too, causing great consternationamong the Trojans. As thrilling as a trumpet's notewhen it rings clearly, when rapacious enemies [220]besiege a city—that's how sharp and piercingAchilles' voice was then. When the Trojans heard it,that brazen shout Achilles gave, all their heartswere shaken. Their horses with the lovely manesturned back the chariots, anticipating troublein their hearts. Charioteers were terrified, seeingthe fearful inextinguishable fire blazing 280from the head of the great-hearted son of Peleus.For Athena, goddess with the glittering eyes,kept it burning. Three times godlike Achilles yelledacross that ditch. Three times Trojans and their allieswere thrown into confusion. At that moment, twelve of their best men were killed by their own chariots [230]and their own spears. Achaeans then, with stronger hearts,pulled Patroclus out of spear range and laid him on a cot.His dear companions gathered mourning round him,Achilles with them, shedding hot tears when he saw 290his loyal companion lying on a death bed,mutilated by sharp bronze. He'd sent him out to warwith chariot and horses, but never welcomed himat his return.
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And now, Patroclus, since I'm journeyingunder the earth after you, I'll postponeyour burial till I bring here Hector's head,his armour, too, the man who slaughtered you,you courageous man. I'll cut the throats 420of twelve fine Trojan children on your pyre,in my anger at your killing. Till that time,you'll lie like this with me by my beaked ships,and round you Trojan and Dardanian womenwill keep lamenting night and day, shedding tears, [340]the very women we two worked hard to winwith our strength and our long spears, by lootingprosperous cities of mortal men."
The Iliad-Books 19 & 20-20pts
“Achilles and Agamemnon”
How has the relationship between Achilles and Agamemnon changed? What do Achilles and Odysseus have a slight disagreement about? What does this say about their personalities? What is Achilles’ focus? Provide a line for support.
Swift-footed Achilles then answered Agamemnon:
"Most glorious son of Atreus, Agamemnon,king of men, if you wish to give me presents,as is appropriate, or to withhold them,that's up to you. Now we must think of war,and with all speed. We should not be wasting timein conversation or with such delays.We have great work to do, so once again [150]men see Achilles with the front-line warriors, 190destroying the Trojans' ranks with his bronze spear.Keep this in mind when you confront your man."
Resourceful Odysseus then addressed Achilles:
"Though you're a brave man, god-like Achilles,don't encourage Achaea's sons to fightagainst the Trojans on empty stomachs.If so, the fight won't last for long if troopsengage right now, once some god infuses strengthinto both sides. No. Instruct Achaeansto have some food and wine by their swift ships. 200 [160]For they give strength and courage. No soldiercan fight the enemy all day till sunsetwithout some food. However fierce his heartmay be for battle, his limbs grow heavywithout his knowledge. Once thirst and hungerovertake him, his knees get tired as he moves.But the man who's had sufficient food and winefights all day long against his enemieswith a courageous heart. His limbs don't tireuntil all warriors have left the battle. 210 [170]So dismiss your men. Tell them to make a meal.
Swift-footed Achilles then replied to Agamemnon:
For now,all those killed by Hector, son of Priam,when Zeus gave him glory, are lying there,all mangled, and you are urging us to eat!For my part, I'd lead Achaea's sons to warright now, unfed, with empty stomachs,then at sunset make them a great dinner,when we've avenged our shame. Until that time,no drink or food will pass my throat, at least, 260 [210]while my dead comrade lies inside my hut,mutilated by sharp bronze, with his feetstill pointing at the door, while his companionsmourn there around him. That's why my heartcannot concern itself with what you've said, only with killing, blood, men's dying groans
This is the beginning of Achilles’ aristeia. What heroic qualities does he display?
Achilles leapt among the Trojans, his heart wrapped in battle fury.First he killed Iphition, Otrynteus' brave son,who commanded many men. A Naiad nymph bore him 460to Otrynteus, sacker of cities, in Hyde,a fertile land, below snow-covered Mount Tmolus.As he charged right at him, godlike Achillesstruck Iphition with his spear squarely in the head,splitting his skull apart. He fell with a crash.Godlike Achilles then cried out in triumph:
"Lie there, son of Otrynteus, of all menthe one we fear the most. Here you die. [390]You were born beside the Gygaean lake,on your father's land, by the fish-filled Hyllus 470and the swirling Hermus rivers."
Achilles triumphed. But down on Iphition's eyesthe darkness fell, and then, in the first attack,Achaean wheel rims on the chariots ripped him up.After him, Achilles went for Demoleon,Antenor's son, a brave defensive fighter, hitting the bronze cheek armour on his helmet.But that didn't check the spear—it smashed through,breaking his skull, splattering all his brains inside.That stopped his fighting charge. Then Hippodamas 480 [400]jumped down out of his chariot to flee Achilles.But Achilles speared him in the back. As he died,panting his life away, he screamed—just as a bull roars,when it's pulled around the altar of Poseidon,lord of Helice, the Earthshaker, who delightsin those young lads who drag the beast—in just that wayHippodamas bellowed then, as his noble spiritslipped out from his bones. Then Achilles with his spearattacked noble Polydorus, son of Priam.His father would not let Polydorus fight, 490for of all his children he was the youngest born, the one most loved. He was the fastest runner, too. [410]Now, like a fool, he was showing off his speed,sprinting through front lines until he lost his life.As he ran past, swift-footed godlike Achillesthrew his spear into the middle of his back,where the golden belt clasps joined togetheron the overlapping body armour. The spear point,going straight through, came out his navel. With a scream,he fell onto his knees. Then black cloud enveloped him. 500As he collapsed, his guts spilled out into his hands.
When Hector saw his brother Polydorus there,down on the ground, collapsed and holding his own entrails, [420]a mist flowed right across his eyes. He could no longerbear to keep his distance. He moved against Achilles,waving his sharp spear, just like a flame. Achilles,when he saw him, jumped out and roared in triumph:
"He's getting closer—the very manwho scarred my heart more than all other men.We won't be evading one another 510in the battle lanes much longer."
As he said this, Achilles scowled at godlike Hector,then yelled at him:
"Come closer,so you can meet your fatal doom more quickly."
Hector of the shining helmet, quite unafraid, [430]then cried out to Achilles:
"Son of Peleus,don't try to frighten me with words, as ifI were some child. I, too, know well enoughhow to shout out taunting words and insults.I know you're brave, stronger than me by far. 520 But these things are in the lap of the gods. Though I'm the weaker man, I'll take your life,with one throw of my spear, for in the pastit's proved it's sharp enough."
With these words,Hector raised his spear and threw it. But Athena,with the slightest puff of breath, blew it aside,away from glorious Achilles, turning it back to godlike Hector. It landed there beside his feet. [440]Then, with a terrifying shout, Achilles charged,lusting to kill. But Apollo snatched up Hector, 530something a god can do with ease, then hid himin thick cloud. Swift-footed, godlike Achillescharged that cloud three times, striking hard each timewith his bronze spear. When for the fourth timehe came on like a god with a terrific shout,Achilles cried out these winged words to Hector:
"You dog—once more you're evading death for now. But you've narrowly escaped disaster.Phoebus Apollo has saved you one more time. [450]No doubt you always pray to him as you go 540 out into the sound of thudding spears.Next time we meet, I'll surely finish you,if some god is there to assist me, too.For now I'll fight the others, any manI chance to meet."
Achilles finished shouting.Then he struck Dryops with his spear right in the neck.Dryops fell at Achilles' feet. But he left him there.Next, Achilles stopped Demouchus, Philetor's son, a big brave warrior, with a spear thrust in his knee.Then he hit him with his massive sword, taking his life. 550After that, he went at Dardanus and Laogonus,both sons of Bias, throwing them out of their chariot [460]onto the ground. He hit one of them with his spearand slashed the other at close quarters with his sword.
Then Tros, Alastor's son, fell at Achilles knees,clutching them, begging him to spare his life, to capture him alive, instead of killing him,moved by pity for a man the same age as himself.What a fool! He did not know there was no wayto change Achilles' mind—he was not a tender man 560with a soft heart, but full of fighting rage. With his handsTros tried to clutch Achilles' knees, desperateto plead for mercy, but Achilles' sword struck himin his liver, which slid out from the wound. Black blood, pouring from the gash, filled up his lap. [470]Then darkness veiled his eyes, and his spirit left him.
Next, Achilles moved up to Mulius and with his spearstruck him on the ear. The bronze point, driven in hard,came out his other ear. Then he hit Echeclus,Agenor's son, with his hilted sword right on his head. 570The blood made the whole blade hot. Then dark death,his powerful fate, came down across his eyes.Next, Achilles hit Deucalion—his bronze spear pointstruck him in the arm where tendons meet the elbow.His arm now useless, Deucalion stood there waiting, [480]staring death right in the face. Achilles hit himwith his sword blade in the neck, slicing off his head.He knocked the head and the helmet far away.From Deucalion's spine the marrow spurted out,as his body lay there, stretched out on the ground. 580Next, Achilles, after chasing the noble son of Peires,Rhigmus, who'd come from fertile Thrace, hit himwith a spear throw in the gut, fixing the bronzefirmly in his belly. Rhigmus fell from his chariot.His attendant, Areithous, wheeled the horses round, but Achilles' sharp spear struck him in the backand threw him from the chariot. The horses bolted.
Just as a terrifying fire rages through deep woods [490]on a parched mountain, burning dense stands of trees,as the driving wind blows flames to every spot, 590that how Achilles, like a god, raged with his spear,attacking and killing men all through the fight.The dark earth ran with blood. Just as a man yokes oxen,big bulls, wide in the shoulder, to grind barleyon a well-built threshing floor, and lowing oxenquickly flatten all the grain, that how brave Achillesdrove his sure-footed horses to trample on the deadand on their shields as well. The chariot axle underneathgot sprayed with blood. Blood soaked the chariot rails, [500]thrown up in gouts from horses' hooves and wheel rims. 600But Peleus' son pushed on to win more glory, blood spattered over his all-conquering hands[H1] .
The Iliad-“The Arms of Achilles” Book 18-20pts
Write a reaction to Achilles’ behavior when he learns of Patroclus’ death. Where does he focus his rage? Is this appropriate? How important is the feud with Agamemnon?
"Son of warlike Peleus,you must hear this dreadful news—somethingI wish weren't so—Patroclus lies dead. [20]Men are fighting now around the body.He's stripped. Hector with his gleaming helmethas the armour."
Antilochus finished speaking.A black cloud of grief swallowed up Achilles.With both hands he scooped up soot and dust and poured iton his head, covering his handsome face with dirt,covering his sweet-smelling tunic with black ash. 30He lay sprawling—his mighty warrior's massive bodycollapsed and stretched out in the dust. With his hands,he tugged at his own hair, disfiguring himself.The women slaves acquired as battle trophiesby Achilles and Patroclus, hearts overwhelmed with anguish, began to scream aloud. They rushed outsideand beat their breasts around warlike Achilles. [30]Then all the women's legs gave way, and they fell down.Across from them, Antilochus lamented,eyes full of tears, as he held Achilles by the hand. 40 Achilles' noble heart moaned aloud. Antilochusfeared he might hurt himself or slit his throatwith his own sword. Achilles gave a huge cry of grief.His noble mother heard it from the ocean depthswhere she was sitting by her ancient father.She began to wail. Then around her gatheredall the divine daughters of Nereus deep in the sea—Glauce, Thaleia, Cymodoce, Nesaea,Speio, Thoe, ox-eyed Halië, Cymothoë, [40]Actaia, Limnoreia, Melite, Iaera, 50Amphithoe, Agave, Doto, Proto,Pherousa, Dynamene, Dexamene,Amphinome, Callianeira, Doris, Panope,lovely Galatea, Nemertes, Apseudes,Callianassa. Also there were Clymene,Ianeira, Ianassa, Maera, Orithyia,Amatheia with her lovely hair, and others,Nereus' daughters living in the ocean depths.They filled the glistening cave, beating their breasts. [50]
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"Yes, Mother,Olympian Zeus has indeed accomplishedwhat I asked. But what pleasure's there for me, [80]when Patroclus, my beloved companion,has been destroyed, the man I honouredas my equal, above all my comrades. 100I've lost him and the armour, which Hector took,once he'd killed him, that massive armour,so wonderful to look at, which the godsgave as a priceless gift to Peleuson that day they placed you in the bedof a mortal man. If only you had stayedamong the eternal maidens of the seaand Peleus had married a mortal wife.But now there'll be innumerable sorrowswaiting for your heart, once your child is killed. 110You won't be welcoming him back home again. [90]My own heart has no desire to live on,to continue living among men,unless Hector is hit by my spear first,losing his life and paying me compensationfor killing Menoetius' son, Patroclus."
Through her tears, Thetis then answered Achilles:
"My son, from what you've just been saying,you're fated to an early death, for your doomcomes quickly as soon as Hector dies." 120
Swift-footed Achilles answered her with passion:
"Then let me die, since I could not preventthe death of my companion.
How does Achilles turn the tide of battle without even fighting? What promise does he make to Patroclus?
He strode from the wall, then stood there by the ditch.But recalling what his mother said to him,he didn't mingle with Achaeans. As he stood there,he cried out. From far away, Pallas Athena 270added her voice, too, causing great consternationamong the Trojans. As thrilling as a trumpet's notewhen it rings clearly, when rapacious enemies [220]besiege a city—that's how sharp and piercingAchilles' voice was then. When the Trojans heard it,that brazen shout Achilles gave, all their heartswere shaken. Their horses with the lovely manesturned back the chariots, anticipating troublein their hearts. Charioteers were terrified, seeingthe fearful inextinguishable fire blazing 280from the head of the great-hearted son of Peleus.For Athena, goddess with the glittering eyes,kept it burning. Three times godlike Achilles yelledacross that ditch. Three times Trojans and their allieswere thrown into confusion. At that moment, twelve of their best men were killed by their own chariots [230]and their own spears. Achaeans then, with stronger hearts,pulled Patroclus out of spear range and laid him on a cot.His dear companions gathered mourning round him,Achilles with them, shedding hot tears when he saw 290his loyal companion lying on a death bed,mutilated by sharp bronze. He'd sent him out to warwith chariot and horses, but never welcomed himat his return.
_________________________________________________________
And now, Patroclus, since I'm journeyingunder the earth after you, I'll postponeyour burial till I bring here Hector's head,his armour, too, the man who slaughtered you,you courageous man. I'll cut the throats 420of twelve fine Trojan children on your pyre,in my anger at your killing. Till that time,you'll lie like this with me by my beaked ships,and round you Trojan and Dardanian womenwill keep lamenting night and day, shedding tears, [340]the very women we two worked hard to winwith our strength and our long spears, by lootingprosperous cities of mortal men."
The Iliad-Books 19 & 20-20pts
“Achilles and Agamemnon”
How has the relationship between Achilles and Agamemnon changed? What do Achilles and Odysseus have a slight disagreement about? What does this say about their personalities? What is Achilles’ focus? Provide a line for support.
Swift-footed Achilles then answered Agamemnon:
"Most glorious son of Atreus, Agamemnon,king of men, if you wish to give me presents,as is appropriate, or to withhold them,that's up to you. Now we must think of war,and with all speed. We should not be wasting timein conversation or with such delays.We have great work to do, so once again [150]men see Achilles with the front-line warriors, 190destroying the Trojans' ranks with his bronze spear.Keep this in mind when you confront your man."
Resourceful Odysseus then addressed Achilles:
"Though you're a brave man, god-like Achilles,don't encourage Achaea's sons to fightagainst the Trojans on empty stomachs.If so, the fight won't last for long if troopsengage right now, once some god infuses strengthinto both sides. No. Instruct Achaeansto have some food and wine by their swift ships. 200 [160]For they give strength and courage. No soldiercan fight the enemy all day till sunsetwithout some food. However fierce his heartmay be for battle, his limbs grow heavywithout his knowledge. Once thirst and hungerovertake him, his knees get tired as he moves.But the man who's had sufficient food and winefights all day long against his enemieswith a courageous heart. His limbs don't tireuntil all warriors have left the battle. 210 [170]So dismiss your men. Tell them to make a meal.
Swift-footed Achilles then replied to Agamemnon:
For now,all those killed by Hector, son of Priam,when Zeus gave him glory, are lying there,all mangled, and you are urging us to eat!For my part, I'd lead Achaea's sons to warright now, unfed, with empty stomachs,then at sunset make them a great dinner,when we've avenged our shame. Until that time,no drink or food will pass my throat, at least, 260 [210]while my dead comrade lies inside my hut,mutilated by sharp bronze, with his feetstill pointing at the door, while his companionsmourn there around him. That's why my heartcannot concern itself with what you've said, only with killing, blood, men's dying groans
This is the beginning of Achilles’ aristeia. What heroic qualities does he display?
Achilles leapt among the Trojans, his heart wrapped in battle fury.First he killed Iphition, Otrynteus' brave son,who commanded many men. A Naiad nymph bore him 460to Otrynteus, sacker of cities, in Hyde,a fertile land, below snow-covered Mount Tmolus.As he charged right at him, godlike Achillesstruck Iphition with his spear squarely in the head,splitting his skull apart. He fell with a crash.Godlike Achilles then cried out in triumph:
"Lie there, son of Otrynteus, of all menthe one we fear the most. Here you die. [390]You were born beside the Gygaean lake,on your father's land, by the fish-filled Hyllus 470and the swirling Hermus rivers."
Achilles triumphed. But down on Iphition's eyesthe darkness fell, and then, in the first attack,Achaean wheel rims on the chariots ripped him up.After him, Achilles went for Demoleon,Antenor's son, a brave defensive fighter, hitting the bronze cheek armour on his helmet.But that didn't check the spear—it smashed through,breaking his skull, splattering all his brains inside.That stopped his fighting charge. Then Hippodamas 480 [400]jumped down out of his chariot to flee Achilles.But Achilles speared him in the back. As he died,panting his life away, he screamed—just as a bull roars,when it's pulled around the altar of Poseidon,lord of Helice, the Earthshaker, who delightsin those young lads who drag the beast—in just that wayHippodamas bellowed then, as his noble spiritslipped out from his bones. Then Achilles with his spearattacked noble Polydorus, son of Priam.His father would not let Polydorus fight, 490for of all his children he was the youngest born, the one most loved. He was the fastest runner, too. [410]Now, like a fool, he was showing off his speed,sprinting through front lines until he lost his life.As he ran past, swift-footed godlike Achillesthrew his spear into the middle of his back,where the golden belt clasps joined togetheron the overlapping body armour. The spear point,going straight through, came out his navel. With a scream,he fell onto his knees. Then black cloud enveloped him. 500As he collapsed, his guts spilled out into his hands.
When Hector saw his brother Polydorus there,down on the ground, collapsed and holding his own entrails, [420]a mist flowed right across his eyes. He could no longerbear to keep his distance. He moved against Achilles,waving his sharp spear, just like a flame. Achilles,when he saw him, jumped out and roared in triumph:
"He's getting closer—the very manwho scarred my heart more than all other men.We won't be evading one another 510in the battle lanes much longer."
As he said this, Achilles scowled at godlike Hector,then yelled at him:
"Come closer,so you can meet your fatal doom more quickly."
Hector of the shining helmet, quite unafraid, [430]then cried out to Achilles:
"Son of Peleus,don't try to frighten me with words, as ifI were some child. I, too, know well enoughhow to shout out taunting words and insults.I know you're brave, stronger than me by far. 520 But these things are in the lap of the gods. Though I'm the weaker man, I'll take your life,with one throw of my spear, for in the pastit's proved it's sharp enough."
With these words,Hector raised his spear and threw it. But Athena,with the slightest puff of breath, blew it aside,away from glorious Achilles, turning it back to godlike Hector. It landed there beside his feet. [440]Then, with a terrifying shout, Achilles charged,lusting to kill. But Apollo snatched up Hector, 530something a god can do with ease, then hid himin thick cloud. Swift-footed, godlike Achillescharged that cloud three times, striking hard each timewith his bronze spear. When for the fourth timehe came on like a god with a terrific shout,Achilles cried out these winged words to Hector:
"You dog—once more you're evading death for now. But you've narrowly escaped disaster.Phoebus Apollo has saved you one more time. [450]No doubt you always pray to him as you go 540 out into the sound of thudding spears.Next time we meet, I'll surely finish you,if some god is there to assist me, too.For now I'll fight the others, any manI chance to meet."
Achilles finished shouting.Then he struck Dryops with his spear right in the neck.Dryops fell at Achilles' feet. But he left him there.Next, Achilles stopped Demouchus, Philetor's son, a big brave warrior, with a spear thrust in his knee.Then he hit him with his massive sword, taking his life. 550After that, he went at Dardanus and Laogonus,both sons of Bias, throwing them out of their chariot [460]onto the ground. He hit one of them with his spearand slashed the other at close quarters with his sword.
Then Tros, Alastor's son, fell at Achilles knees,clutching them, begging him to spare his life, to capture him alive, instead of killing him,moved by pity for a man the same age as himself.What a fool! He did not know there was no wayto change Achilles' mind—he was not a tender man 560with a soft heart, but full of fighting rage. With his handsTros tried to clutch Achilles' knees, desperateto plead for mercy, but Achilles' sword struck himin his liver, which slid out from the wound. Black blood, pouring from the gash, filled up his lap. [470]Then darkness veiled his eyes, and his spirit left him.
Next, Achilles moved up to Mulius and with his spearstruck him on the ear. The bronze point, driven in hard,came out his other ear. Then he hit Echeclus,Agenor's son, with his hilted sword right on his head. 570The blood made the whole blade hot. Then dark death,his powerful fate, came down across his eyes.Next, Achilles hit Deucalion—his bronze spear pointstruck him in the arm where tendons meet the elbow.His arm now useless, Deucalion stood there waiting, [480]staring death right in the face. Achilles hit himwith his sword blade in the neck, slicing off his head.He knocked the head and the helmet far away.From Deucalion's spine the marrow spurted out,as his body lay there, stretched out on the ground. 580Next, Achilles, after chasing the noble son of Peires,Rhigmus, who'd come from fertile Thrace, hit himwith a spear throw in the gut, fixing the bronzefirmly in his belly. Rhigmus fell from his chariot.His attendant, Areithous, wheeled the horses round, but Achilles' sharp spear struck him in the backand threw him from the chariot. The horses bolted.
Just as a terrifying fire rages through deep woods [490]on a parched mountain, burning dense stands of trees,as the driving wind blows flames to every spot, 590that how Achilles, like a god, raged with his spear,attacking and killing men all through the fight.The dark earth ran with blood. Just as a man yokes oxen,big bulls, wide in the shoulder, to grind barleyon a well-built threshing floor, and lowing oxenquickly flatten all the grain, that how brave Achillesdrove his sure-footed horses to trample on the deadand on their shields as well. The chariot axle underneathgot sprayed with blood. Blood soaked the chariot rails, [500]thrown up in gouts from horses' hooves and wheel rims. 600But Peleus' son pushed on to win more glory, blood spattered over his all-conquering hands[H1] .
Monday, June 1, 2009
The Iliad-book 16
Students are to complete the following assignment for Hw:
The Iliad-“Patroclus Fights and Dies” Book 16-20pts
Examine the dialogue between Patroclus and Achilles. Explain each man’s argument in your own words. What is the tone of each man? Why does Achilles think the Trojans are winning? How does this both add and detract from his image as a hero? What is the significance of Achilles’ warning to Patroclus?
While the men kept on fighting at the well-decked ships,Patroclus went to Achilles, his people's shepherd,shedding warm tears, like a fountain of dark waterwhose stream flows over the lip of a sheer rock face.Looking at him, swift-footed, godlike Achillesfelt pity. So he spoke to him—his words had wings:
"Why are you crying, Patroclus, like some girl,an infant walking beside her mother,asking to be picked up. She pulls the robeand stops her mother strolling on ahead, 10looking up at her in tears, until the mother [10]lifts her up. You're crying just like that girl,Patroclus. Is there something you need to sayto the Myrmidons or me? Some newsfrom Phthia that only you have heard?People say Menoetius, Actor's son,is still living, and Peleus is alive,Aeacus' son, among his Myrmidons.If these two had died, then we'd have somethingreal to grieve about. Or are you feeling sad 20 for Argives as they're being obliteratedamong the hollow ships for all their pride?Speak up. Don't conceal what's on your mind.Then we'll both understand."
With a heavy sigh,horseman Patroclus, you then replied: [20]
"Achilles,Peleus' son, by far the strongest of Achaeans,don't be angry with me. Such great despairhas overcome the Argives. For all thosewho used to be the bravest warriors are lying at the ships with sword and spear wounds— 30powerful Diomedes, son of Tydeus,hit by a spear, famous spearman Odysseuswith a stab wound, and Agamemnon, too.An arrow struck Eurypylus in the thigh.Many healers, exceptionally skilledin various medicines, are with them now,tending their wounds. But it's impossibleto deal with you, Achilles. I hope angerlike this rage you're nursing never seizes me. [30]It's disastrous! How will you be of use 40 to anyone in later generations,if you won't keep shameful ruin from the Argives?You're pitiless. Perhaps horseman Peleuswas not your father, nor Thetis your mother—the gray sea delivered you, some tall cliff,for you've an unyielding heart. If your mindshuns some prophecy, or your noble motherhas told you news from Zeus, at least send me,and quickly, with the others in our troopof Myrmidons. I could be a saving light 50for the Danaans. Give me your armour [40]to buckle round my shoulders, so Trojans,mistaking me for you, may stop the fight.Then Achaea's warrior sons could get some rest.They're worn out. War doesn't offer much relief.We're fresh, so we should easily repulsethe Trojans tired of the battle noiseback from our ships and huts towards the city"
Patroclus finished his entreaty. How wrong he was!He was praying for his own death, his dreadful fate. 60Swift-footed Achilles, with some heat, replied:
"My dear divinely born Patroclus,what are you saying? I'm not concernedwith any prophecy I know about, [50]nor has my noble mother said a thingfrom Zeus. But dreadful pain came in my heartand spirit when that man wished to cheatsomeone his equal and steal away that prize, and just because he's got more power.That really hurt, given that I've suffered 70in this war so many pains here in my chest.Achaea's sons chose that girl as my prize.I won her with my spear, once I'd destroyedher strong-walled city. Lord Agamemnontook her back, out of my hands, as if I weresome stranger without honour. But let that be— [60]it's over, done with. Besides, my spiritdidn't mean to stay enraged for ever,although I thought I wouldn't end my angeruntil the cries of warfare reached my ships. 80Come, put my famous armour on your shouldersand lead war-loving Myrmidons to battle, since black clouds of Trojans now surround the ships,expecting victory, and Argives standcrammed in by the sea shore, with little space, while a city full of Trojans comes at themwithout fear, because they don't see near them [70]my helmet with its glittering front. Soon enough,they'd be running back, filling the gullieswith their dead, if mighty Agamemnon 90treated me with kindness—but now they fightall through our camp. For there's no spear ragingin the fists of Diomedes, son of Tydeus,to protect Danaans from disaster.I've not heard the voice of Agamemnoncrying out in his vile head. As for Hector,that man-killer's voice echoes everywhere,shouting at Trojans, who fill all the plainwith their noise, as they defeat Achaeansin this battle. Even so, Patroclus, 100 [80]you must stave off disaster from the fleet.Go after them in force—they may fire those shipsand rob us of the journey home we crave.Now, pay attention to what I tell youabout the goal I have in mind for you,so you'll win me great honour and rewards,so all Danaans will send back to methat lovely girl and give fine gifts as well.Once you push Trojans from the ships, come back.If Zeus, Hera's mate, who loves his thunder, 110gives you the glory, don't keep on battlingthose war-loving Trojans with me absent. [90]You would decrease my honours. Don't letthe joy of fighting and of killing Trojanslead you on to Ilion, just in casesome deathless Olympian god attacks you. Apollo, the far-worker, loves his Trojans.So make sure you come back here again, once your saving light has reached our ships.Let others keep on fighting in the plain. 120O Father Zeus, Athena, and Apollo—if only no single Trojan or Achaeancould escape death, and just we two alonewere not destroyed, so that by ourselveswe could take Troy's sacred battlements!"
What is the significance of Achilles’ prayer? Is he being realistic?
"Zeus, king, lord of Dodona, Pelasgian,you who live far off, ruling cold Dodona,around whom live the Selli, your prophets, 280with unwashed feet, who sleep upon the ground, you heard me when I prayed to you before.You gave me honour then by striking hardat the Achaean army. So grant me nowwhat I still desire. I intend to staybeside this group of ships, but I'm sending outmy comrade and my many Myrmidons. [240]Send glory with him, all-seeing Zeus.Strengthen the heart inside his chest, so Hectorsees if Patroclus can fight on alone 290or if his hands are always conqueringonly when I'm with him in the raging war,in the centre of the havoc Ares brings.But when he's pushed the fight and battle noiseback from the ships, let him return to me,here at my hollow ships, without a scratch,with all his weapons and companions,men who battle in the killing zone."
What mistake does Patroclus make?
Patroclus then called to his horsesand to Automedon to pursue the Trojans,the Lycians, as well. How blind he was, poor fool! 800If he'd done what the son of Peleus had told him, he'd have missed his evil fate, his own dark death.But Zeus' mind is always stronger than a man's.He can make even a brave man fearful, rob himof his victory with ease. And Zeus can rouse a manfor battle, as he did then, putting desire to fight [690]into Patroclus' chest.
Explain who you feel is more responsible for the death of Patroclus. Achilles or Hector?
Explain the significance of the dialogue between Hector and Patroclus. What is the subject of Patroclus’ dying words?
Then Patroclus charged the Trojans, intent on slaughter. Three times he assaulted them,like war god Ares, with terrific shouts. Three timeshe killed nine men. But when he attacked a fourth time,then, Patroclus, you saw your life end. For Phoebus, a terrible god, in that grim fight came up against you.Patroclus failed to see Apollo, as he movedthrough the confusion, for he advanced towards him [790]hidden in thick mist. Apollo stood behind him.Then with the flat of his hand, he struck Patroclus 920on his back, on his broad shoulders—that made his eyes lose focus. Next, Phoebus Apollo knocked the helmetfrom his head. The horsehair crest rolled with a clatterunder horses' feet. The dust and blood then stainedthe helmet's plumes. Up to that time, gods had not letthat helmet with its horsehair plume get smudged with dirt,for it was always guarding godlike Achilles' head,his noble forehead, too. Later Zeus awarded itto Hector to carry on his head, as his death loomed. [800]In Patroclus' hands, his heavy long-shadowed spear, 930thick and strong, with its bronze point, was completely smashed. His tasseled shield and strap fell from his shouldersdown on the ground. Next, Apollo, Zeus' son, loosenedthe body armour on Patroclus. His mind went blank,his fine limbs grew limp—he stood there in a daze.From close behind, Euphorbus, son of Panthous,a Dardan warrior, hit him in the back,with a sharp spear between the shoulder blades. Euphorbus surpassed all men the same age as himin spear throwing, horsemanship, and speed on foot.He'd already knocked twenty men out of their chariots, 940 [810]and that was the first time he'd come with his own chariot to learn something of war. Euphorbus was the firstto strike you, horseman Patroclus, but he failedto kill you. Pulling the spear out of Patroclus' flesh,Euphorbus ran back again to blend in with the throng.He didn't stand his ground, even though Patroclushad no weapons for a fight. So Patroclus,overwhelmed by the god's blow and spear, withdrew,back to the group of his companions, avoiding death.
But when Hector noticed brave Patroclus going back, 950wounded by sharp bronze, he moved up through the ranks, stood close to Patroclus and struck him with his spear, [820]low in the stomach, driving the bronze straight through.Patroclus fell with a crash, and Achaea's armywas filled with anguish. Just as a lion overcomesa tireless wild boar in combat, when both beastsfight bravely in the mountains over a small springwhere they both want to drink, and the lion's strengthbrings down the panting boar—that's how Hector,moving close in with his spear, destroyed the life 960of Menoetius' noble son, who'd killed so many men. Then Hector spoke winged words of triumph over him:
"Patroclus, you thought you'd raze our city, [830]robbing our women of their life of freedom,taking them in ships to your dear native land.You fool! In front of them, Hector's horses,swift of foot, came out to fight. With the spearI'm the very best war-loving Trojan,and I've saved them from their fatal day.Now vultures will eat you here. You poor wretch, 970even Achilles, for all his courage, was no use to you. Though he stayed behind,he must have given you strict orders as you left, 'Don't return to me, horseman Patroclus,at the hollow ships, until you've slashed blood [840]all over man-killing Hector's tunicfrom his own chest.' That's what he must have saidto win you over to such foolishness."
Then you, horseman Patroclus, your strength all gone,replied:
"Boast on, Hector, for the moment. 980Zeus, son of Cronos, and Apollo have given you victory. They overcame meeasily, for they personally removedthe armour from my shoulders. If twenty mencame to confront me, just like you,all would have died, slaughtered by my spear.But deadly Fate and Leto's son have slain me—and Euphorbus. So you're the third in line [850]at my death. But I'll tell you something else—bear this in mind—you'll not live long yourself. 990Your death is already standing close at hand, a fatal power. For you'll be destroyedat brave Achilles' hands, descendant of Aeacus."
As Patroclus said these words to Hector,the finality of death flowed over him.
The Iliad-“Patroclus Fights and Dies” Book 16-20pts
Examine the dialogue between Patroclus and Achilles. Explain each man’s argument in your own words. What is the tone of each man? Why does Achilles think the Trojans are winning? How does this both add and detract from his image as a hero? What is the significance of Achilles’ warning to Patroclus?
While the men kept on fighting at the well-decked ships,Patroclus went to Achilles, his people's shepherd,shedding warm tears, like a fountain of dark waterwhose stream flows over the lip of a sheer rock face.Looking at him, swift-footed, godlike Achillesfelt pity. So he spoke to him—his words had wings:
"Why are you crying, Patroclus, like some girl,an infant walking beside her mother,asking to be picked up. She pulls the robeand stops her mother strolling on ahead, 10looking up at her in tears, until the mother [10]lifts her up. You're crying just like that girl,Patroclus. Is there something you need to sayto the Myrmidons or me? Some newsfrom Phthia that only you have heard?People say Menoetius, Actor's son,is still living, and Peleus is alive,Aeacus' son, among his Myrmidons.If these two had died, then we'd have somethingreal to grieve about. Or are you feeling sad 20 for Argives as they're being obliteratedamong the hollow ships for all their pride?Speak up. Don't conceal what's on your mind.Then we'll both understand."
With a heavy sigh,horseman Patroclus, you then replied: [20]
"Achilles,Peleus' son, by far the strongest of Achaeans,don't be angry with me. Such great despairhas overcome the Argives. For all thosewho used to be the bravest warriors are lying at the ships with sword and spear wounds— 30powerful Diomedes, son of Tydeus,hit by a spear, famous spearman Odysseuswith a stab wound, and Agamemnon, too.An arrow struck Eurypylus in the thigh.Many healers, exceptionally skilledin various medicines, are with them now,tending their wounds. But it's impossibleto deal with you, Achilles. I hope angerlike this rage you're nursing never seizes me. [30]It's disastrous! How will you be of use 40 to anyone in later generations,if you won't keep shameful ruin from the Argives?You're pitiless. Perhaps horseman Peleuswas not your father, nor Thetis your mother—the gray sea delivered you, some tall cliff,for you've an unyielding heart. If your mindshuns some prophecy, or your noble motherhas told you news from Zeus, at least send me,and quickly, with the others in our troopof Myrmidons. I could be a saving light 50for the Danaans. Give me your armour [40]to buckle round my shoulders, so Trojans,mistaking me for you, may stop the fight.Then Achaea's warrior sons could get some rest.They're worn out. War doesn't offer much relief.We're fresh, so we should easily repulsethe Trojans tired of the battle noiseback from our ships and huts towards the city"
Patroclus finished his entreaty. How wrong he was!He was praying for his own death, his dreadful fate. 60Swift-footed Achilles, with some heat, replied:
"My dear divinely born Patroclus,what are you saying? I'm not concernedwith any prophecy I know about, [50]nor has my noble mother said a thingfrom Zeus. But dreadful pain came in my heartand spirit when that man wished to cheatsomeone his equal and steal away that prize, and just because he's got more power.That really hurt, given that I've suffered 70in this war so many pains here in my chest.Achaea's sons chose that girl as my prize.I won her with my spear, once I'd destroyedher strong-walled city. Lord Agamemnontook her back, out of my hands, as if I weresome stranger without honour. But let that be— [60]it's over, done with. Besides, my spiritdidn't mean to stay enraged for ever,although I thought I wouldn't end my angeruntil the cries of warfare reached my ships. 80Come, put my famous armour on your shouldersand lead war-loving Myrmidons to battle, since black clouds of Trojans now surround the ships,expecting victory, and Argives standcrammed in by the sea shore, with little space, while a city full of Trojans comes at themwithout fear, because they don't see near them [70]my helmet with its glittering front. Soon enough,they'd be running back, filling the gullieswith their dead, if mighty Agamemnon 90treated me with kindness—but now they fightall through our camp. For there's no spear ragingin the fists of Diomedes, son of Tydeus,to protect Danaans from disaster.I've not heard the voice of Agamemnoncrying out in his vile head. As for Hector,that man-killer's voice echoes everywhere,shouting at Trojans, who fill all the plainwith their noise, as they defeat Achaeansin this battle. Even so, Patroclus, 100 [80]you must stave off disaster from the fleet.Go after them in force—they may fire those shipsand rob us of the journey home we crave.Now, pay attention to what I tell youabout the goal I have in mind for you,so you'll win me great honour and rewards,so all Danaans will send back to methat lovely girl and give fine gifts as well.Once you push Trojans from the ships, come back.If Zeus, Hera's mate, who loves his thunder, 110gives you the glory, don't keep on battlingthose war-loving Trojans with me absent. [90]You would decrease my honours. Don't letthe joy of fighting and of killing Trojanslead you on to Ilion, just in casesome deathless Olympian god attacks you. Apollo, the far-worker, loves his Trojans.So make sure you come back here again, once your saving light has reached our ships.Let others keep on fighting in the plain. 120O Father Zeus, Athena, and Apollo—if only no single Trojan or Achaeancould escape death, and just we two alonewere not destroyed, so that by ourselveswe could take Troy's sacred battlements!"
What is the significance of Achilles’ prayer? Is he being realistic?
"Zeus, king, lord of Dodona, Pelasgian,you who live far off, ruling cold Dodona,around whom live the Selli, your prophets, 280with unwashed feet, who sleep upon the ground, you heard me when I prayed to you before.You gave me honour then by striking hardat the Achaean army. So grant me nowwhat I still desire. I intend to staybeside this group of ships, but I'm sending outmy comrade and my many Myrmidons. [240]Send glory with him, all-seeing Zeus.Strengthen the heart inside his chest, so Hectorsees if Patroclus can fight on alone 290or if his hands are always conqueringonly when I'm with him in the raging war,in the centre of the havoc Ares brings.But when he's pushed the fight and battle noiseback from the ships, let him return to me,here at my hollow ships, without a scratch,with all his weapons and companions,men who battle in the killing zone."
What mistake does Patroclus make?
Patroclus then called to his horsesand to Automedon to pursue the Trojans,the Lycians, as well. How blind he was, poor fool! 800If he'd done what the son of Peleus had told him, he'd have missed his evil fate, his own dark death.But Zeus' mind is always stronger than a man's.He can make even a brave man fearful, rob himof his victory with ease. And Zeus can rouse a manfor battle, as he did then, putting desire to fight [690]into Patroclus' chest.
Explain who you feel is more responsible for the death of Patroclus. Achilles or Hector?
Explain the significance of the dialogue between Hector and Patroclus. What is the subject of Patroclus’ dying words?
Then Patroclus charged the Trojans, intent on slaughter. Three times he assaulted them,like war god Ares, with terrific shouts. Three timeshe killed nine men. But when he attacked a fourth time,then, Patroclus, you saw your life end. For Phoebus, a terrible god, in that grim fight came up against you.Patroclus failed to see Apollo, as he movedthrough the confusion, for he advanced towards him [790]hidden in thick mist. Apollo stood behind him.Then with the flat of his hand, he struck Patroclus 920on his back, on his broad shoulders—that made his eyes lose focus. Next, Phoebus Apollo knocked the helmetfrom his head. The horsehair crest rolled with a clatterunder horses' feet. The dust and blood then stainedthe helmet's plumes. Up to that time, gods had not letthat helmet with its horsehair plume get smudged with dirt,for it was always guarding godlike Achilles' head,his noble forehead, too. Later Zeus awarded itto Hector to carry on his head, as his death loomed. [800]In Patroclus' hands, his heavy long-shadowed spear, 930thick and strong, with its bronze point, was completely smashed. His tasseled shield and strap fell from his shouldersdown on the ground. Next, Apollo, Zeus' son, loosenedthe body armour on Patroclus. His mind went blank,his fine limbs grew limp—he stood there in a daze.From close behind, Euphorbus, son of Panthous,a Dardan warrior, hit him in the back,with a sharp spear between the shoulder blades. Euphorbus surpassed all men the same age as himin spear throwing, horsemanship, and speed on foot.He'd already knocked twenty men out of their chariots, 940 [810]and that was the first time he'd come with his own chariot to learn something of war. Euphorbus was the firstto strike you, horseman Patroclus, but he failedto kill you. Pulling the spear out of Patroclus' flesh,Euphorbus ran back again to blend in with the throng.He didn't stand his ground, even though Patroclushad no weapons for a fight. So Patroclus,overwhelmed by the god's blow and spear, withdrew,back to the group of his companions, avoiding death.
But when Hector noticed brave Patroclus going back, 950wounded by sharp bronze, he moved up through the ranks, stood close to Patroclus and struck him with his spear, [820]low in the stomach, driving the bronze straight through.Patroclus fell with a crash, and Achaea's armywas filled with anguish. Just as a lion overcomesa tireless wild boar in combat, when both beastsfight bravely in the mountains over a small springwhere they both want to drink, and the lion's strengthbrings down the panting boar—that's how Hector,moving close in with his spear, destroyed the life 960of Menoetius' noble son, who'd killed so many men. Then Hector spoke winged words of triumph over him:
"Patroclus, you thought you'd raze our city, [830]robbing our women of their life of freedom,taking them in ships to your dear native land.You fool! In front of them, Hector's horses,swift of foot, came out to fight. With the spearI'm the very best war-loving Trojan,and I've saved them from their fatal day.Now vultures will eat you here. You poor wretch, 970even Achilles, for all his courage, was no use to you. Though he stayed behind,he must have given you strict orders as you left, 'Don't return to me, horseman Patroclus,at the hollow ships, until you've slashed blood [840]all over man-killing Hector's tunicfrom his own chest.' That's what he must have saidto win you over to such foolishness."
Then you, horseman Patroclus, your strength all gone,replied:
"Boast on, Hector, for the moment. 980Zeus, son of Cronos, and Apollo have given you victory. They overcame meeasily, for they personally removedthe armour from my shoulders. If twenty mencame to confront me, just like you,all would have died, slaughtered by my spear.But deadly Fate and Leto's son have slain me—and Euphorbus. So you're the third in line [850]at my death. But I'll tell you something else—bear this in mind—you'll not live long yourself. 990Your death is already standing close at hand, a fatal power. For you'll be destroyedat brave Achilles' hands, descendant of Aeacus."
As Patroclus said these words to Hector,the finality of death flowed over him.
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